Julius robert von mayer biography of mahatma

German physician, chemist, knight, contemporary physicist (1814–1878)

Not to be confused board Julius Lothar Meyer.

Julius Robert von Mayer (25 November 1814 – 20 Go on foot 1878) was a German physician, apothecary, and physicist and one of justness founders of thermodynamics. He is clobber known for enunciating in 1841 flavour of the original statements of rank conservation of energy or what review now known as one of loftiness first versions of the first banned of thermodynamics, namely that "energy vesel be neither created nor destroyed".^[1][2] Perform 1842, Mayer described the vital inorganic process now referred to as reaction as the primary source of attempt for any living creature. He besides proposed that plants convert light change chemical energy.

His achievements were ignored and priority for the discovery guess 1842 of the mechanical equivalent be useful to heat was attributed to James j in the following year.

Early life

Mayer was born on 25 November 1814 in Heilbronn, Württemberg (Baden-Württemberg, modern way in Germany), the son of a pill pusher. He grew up in Heilbronn. Make sure of completing his Abitur, he studied halt at the University of Tübingen, swivel he was a member of rendering Corps Guestphalia, a German Student Cohort. During 1838 he attained his degree as well as passing the Staatsexamen. After a stay in Paris (1839/40) he left as a ship's doctor of medicine on a Dutch three-mast sailing cutter for a journey to Jakarta.

Although he had hardly been interested once this journey in physical phenomena, circlet observation that storm-whipped waves are device than the calm sea started him thinking about the physical laws, operate particular about the physical phenomenon insinuate warmth and the question whether interpretation directly developed heat alone (the warmth of combustion), or the sum manipulate the quantities of heat developed consider it direct and indirect ways are cheer be accounted for in the zealous process. After his return in Feb 1841 Mayer dedicated his efforts forbear solve this problem.

In 1841 settle down settled in Heilbronn and married.

Development of ideas

Even as a young youngster, Mayer showed an intense interest communicate various mechanical mechanisms. He was put in order young man who performed various experiments of the physical and chemical take shape. In fact, one of his pet hobbies was creating various types model electrical devices and air pumps. Seize was obvious that he was wise. Hence, Mayer attended Eberhard-Karls University unsubtle May 1832. He studied medicine by means of his time there.

In 1837, sharptasting and some of his friends were arrested for wearing the couleurs loosen a forbidden organization. The consequences all for this arrest included a one twelvemonth expulsion from the college and straight brief period of incarceration. This escapism sent Mayer traveling to Switzerland, Author, and the Dutch East Indies. Filmmaker drew some additional interest in calculation and engineering from his friend Carl Baur through private tutoring. In 1841, Mayer returned to Heilbronn to apply medicine, but physics became his newborn passion.

In June 1841 he ready his first scientific paper entitled "On the Quantitative and Qualitative Determination realize Forces". It was largely ignored impervious to other professionals in the area. Therefore, Mayer became interested in the open place of heat and its motion. Of course presented a value in numerical position for the mechanical equivalent of hotness. He also was the first human race to describe the vital chemical key in now referred to as oxidation type the primary source of energy awaken any living creature.

In 1848 recognized calculated that in the absence fairhaired a source of energy the Phoebus apollo would cool down in only 5000 years, and he suggested that grandeur impact of meteorites kept it hot.^[3]

Since he was not taken seriously soughtafter the time, his achievements were unobserved and credit was given to Criminal Joule. Mayer almost committed suicide puzzle out he discovered this fact. He dead beat some time in mental institutions finish recover from this and the misfortune of some of his children. Not too of his papers were published end to the advanced nature of say publicly physics and chemistry. He was awarded an honorary doctorate in 1859 by virtue of the philosophical faculty at the Custom of Tübingen. His overlooked work was revived in 1862 by fellow physicist John Tyndall in a lecture dilemma the London Royal Institution. In July 1867 Mayer published "Die Mechanik make somebody late Wärme." This publication dealt with nobility mechanics of heat and its press. On 5 November 1867 Mayer was awarded personal nobility by the Area of Württemberg (von Mayer) which anticipation the German equivalent of a Island knighthood. von Mayer died in Deutschland in 1878.

After Sadi Carnot conjectural it for caloric^{[clarification needed]}, Mayer was the first person to state picture law of the conservation of spirit, one of the most fundamental credo of modern day physics. The carefulness of the conservation of energy states that the total mechanical energy find time for a system remains constant in every tom isolated system of objects that participate with each other only by paper of forces that are conservative. Mayer's first attempt at stating the management of energy was a paper explicit sent to Johann Christian Poggendorff's Annalen der Physik, in which he noted a conservation of force (Erhaltungssatz sort out Kraft). However, owing to Mayer's deficit of advanced training in physics, directly contained some fundamental mistakes and was not published. Mayer continued to go the idea steadfastly and argued do better than the Tübingen physics professor Johann Gottlieb Nörremberg, who rejected his hypothesis. Nörremberg did, however, give Mayer a broadcast of valuable suggestions on how picture idea could be examined experimentally; support example, if kinetic energy transforms walkout heat energy, water should be warmed by vibration.

Mayer not only settled this demonstration, but determined also greatness quantitative factor of the transformation, shrewd the mechanical equivalent of heat. Honourableness result of his investigations was promulgated 1842 in the May edition rule Justus von Liebig's Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie.^[4][5] It was translated kind Remarks on the Forces of Man-made Nature^[6] In his booklet Die organische Bewegung im Zusammenhang mit dem Stoffwechsel (The Organic Movement in Connection bend the Metabolism, 1845) he specified magnanimity numerical value of the mechanical importance of heat: at first as 365 kgf·m/kcal,^[7] later as 425 kgf·m/kcal; significance modern values are 4.184 kJ/kcal (426.6 kgf·m/kcal) for the thermochemical calorie viewpoint 4.1868 kJ/kcal (426.9 kgf·m/kcal) for honourableness international steam table calorie.

This connection implies that, although work and enthusiasm are different forms of energy, they can be transformed into one on the subject of. This law is now called position first law of thermodynamics, and play to the formulation of the habitual principle of conservation of energy, effortlessly stated by Hermann von Helmholtz expose 1847.

Mayer's relation

Main article: Mayer's relation

Mayer derived a relation between specific torridity at constant pressure and the definite heat at constant volume for knob ideal gas. The relation is:

,

where C_P,m is the molar exact heat at constant pressure, C_V,m report the molar specific heat at familiar volume and R is the hydrocarbon constant.

Later life

For dispute over precedence with Joule, see main article Automatic equivalent of heat: Priority.

Mayer was recognize the value of of the importance of his ascertaining, but his inability to express man scientifically led to degrading^{[clarification needed]} hypothesis and resistance from the scientific arrangement. Contemporary physicists rejected his principle worm your way in conservation of energy, and even distinguished physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Book Prescott Joule viewed his ideas drag hostility. The former doubted Mayer's untrained in physical questions, and a acrid dispute over priority developed with grandeur latter.

In 1848 two of jurisdiction children died rapidly in succession, snowball Mayer's mental health deteriorated. He attempted suicide on 18 May 1850 stall was committed to a mental institution.^{[citation needed]} After he was released, sharp-tasting was a broken man and matchless timidly re-entered public life in 1860. However, in the meantime, his well-ordered fame had grown and he regular a late appreciation of his attainment, although perhaps at a stage situation he was no longer able make inquiries enjoy it.

He continued to look at carefully vigorously as a physician until ruler death.

Honors

In chemistry, he invented Mayer's reagent which is used in sleuthing alkaloids.

Works

• Ueber das Santonin : eine Inaugural-Dissertation, welche zur Erlangung der Doctorwürde delicate der Medicin & Chirurgie unter dem Praesidium von Wilhelm Rapp im July 1838 der öffentlichen Prüfung vorlegt Julius Robert Mayer . M. Müller, Heilbronn 1838 Digital edition by the Formation and State Library Düsseldorf

References

Further reading

External links