Hubertus strughold biography of michael jackson

German psychologist (1898–1986)

Hubertus Strughold (June 15, 1898 – September 25, 1986) was a German-born physiologist and medical supporter. Beginning in 1935 he served considerably chief of aeromedical research for Hermann Göring'sMinistry of Aviation and later booked the same position with the Teutonic Luftwaffe throughout World War II. Ton 1947 he was brought to nobleness United States as part of Be effective Paperclip and went on to call in a number of high-level well-regulated posts with the US Air Ability and NASA.

For his role stuff pioneering the study of the mortal and psychological effects of crewed voyage he became known as "The Ecclesiastic of Space Medicine".^[1] Following his transience bloodshed, Strughold's activities in Germany during False War II came under greater control in the media and evidence illustrate his involvement in Nazi-era human conduct experiment greatly damaged his legacy.

Biography

Early come alive and academic career

Strughold was born bring the town of Westtünnen-im-Hamm, in significance Prussian province of Westphalia, on June 15, 1898. Strughold was the essence of the elementary schoolprincipal Ferdinand Strughold (died: 1912) and his wife Anna, née Tillmann (1861–1931). After completing ruler studies at the Gymnasium Hammonensein be bounded by 1918, Strughold studied medicine and influence natural sciences at the Georg Sage University of Göttingen, the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and the Westfälische Wilhelms University of Münster, where type earned his doctorate (Dr. phil.) suggestion 1922. He obtained his medical moment (Dr. med. et phil.) from loftiness Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg magnanimity following year. While continuing his studies at Würzburg, Strughold served as straight research assistant to the eminent physiologist Dr. Maximilian von Frey and late to Dr. Paul Hoffmann at authority Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, finish his habilitation (Dr. med. habil.) notes 1927.

After being named an correlate professor of Physiology at Würzburg, Strughold's attention was increasingly drawn to nobility emerging science of aviation medicine obtain he collaborated with the famed Earth War I pilot Robert Ritter von Greim to study the effects help high-altitude flight on human biology. Observe 1928 Strughold traveled to the Unified States as part of a one year research fellowship sponsored by class Rockefeller Foundation. He would tour blue blood the gentry medical laboratories at Harvard, Columbia sports ground the Mayo Clinic and also conducted specialized medical research under Professors Carl J. Wiggers at Western Reserve Founding and Anton Julius Carlson at distinction University of Chicago. Strughold returned ought to Germany in late-1929 and resumed culture at the Würzburg Physiological Institute, at last becoming a full professor in Advance 1933.

Work for Nazi Germany

In 1935 Strughold joined the faculty of honourableness Institute of Physiology at the Friedrich-Wilhelm University of Berlin. Through his company with Robert Ritter von Greim (now Adolf Hitler's personal pilot), Strughold became acquainted socially with ReichsmarschallHermann Göring sports ground other high-ranking members of the Absolutist regime, though he never formally linked the Nazi Party. In April 1935, he was appointed Director of high-mindedness Berlin-based "Research Institute for Aviation Medicine", a medical science think tank divagate operated under the auspices of Göring's Reich Ministry of Aviation. Under Strughold's leadership, the Institute grew to be acceptable to Germany's foremost aeromedical research establishment, extremist the study of the physical factor of high-altitude and supersonic speed flying, along with establishing the altitude convention concept of "time of useful consciousness". Beginning in 1936 Strughold also served as co-editor of the medical newspaper Luftfahrtmedizin (Aviation Medicine).

Though he was a civilian researcher, the majority ship the studies and projects Strughold's academy undertook during this time were guaranteed and financed by the German briary forces (principally the Luftwaffe) as put a stop to of the Nazi's ongoing policy unmoving re-armament preceding World War II. Make contact with the outbreak of war in 1939, the organization was absorbed into greatness German military and incorporated into dignity Medical Service of the Luftwaffe situation it was rechristened as the "Air Force Institute for Aviation Medicine" lecture placed under the command of Surgeon-General (Generaloberstabsarzt) Erich Hippke. Strughold was additionally commissioned as an officer in say publicly German Air Force, eventually rising divulge the rank of Colonel (Oberst). Blooper was also elected as a adherent of the German National Academy forget about Sciences Leopoldina in 1941.

Human experimentation

In February 1942, Schutzstaffel (SS) physician HauptsturmführerSigmund Rascher collaborated with Luftwaffe aviation scientists Hermann Becker-Freyseng, Siegfried Ruff and Hans-Wolfgang Romberg [de] to plan and carry lessening a number of aeromedical experiments eliminate which inmates from the Dachau spacing camp served as human test subjects. The study took place in rectitude spring and summer of 1942 innermost initially focused on high-altitude experiments. Campingground inmates, mostly Polish and Soviet POWs, were locked inside of a movable pressure chamber built by the Airforce in which the interior air compel could be altered to simulate depiction effects of freefalling from a high-level without oxygen. Of the 200 nibble subjects employed in the experiment 80 were killed by the tests downright, with the remainder subsequently being completed by the SS.

From August 1942–May 1943, Rascher and the Luftwaffe physicians also conducted so-called "freezing experiments" victimisation 300 live test subjects. The based on reason of these tests was to make choice the best way to warm Teutonic pilots who had been downed stroke sea and were suffering from hypothermia. Prisoners were made to remain in the open naked in freezing temperatures or subaqueous in tanks of freezing water tail hours to simulate the effects drawing hypothermia before being immersed in scorching, sometimes boiling, water to facilitate illustriousness warming process, often with fatal skimpy. In October 1942 Rascher delivered elegant presentation to a medical conference see the point of Nuremberg in which he detailed depiction findings of his freezing experiments trouble Dachau to the attendees, Hubertus Strughold and Luftwaffe Surgeon-General Erich Hippke amidst them.^[2]

In early-1944 Strughold was named Air transport MedicalConsultant to the newly-appointed Chief dressingdown the Luftwaffe Medical Service, GeneraloberstOskar Schröder [de]. In July 1944, Schröder initiated swell new series of human experiments fuzz Dachau. This study, overseen by Dr. Hans Eppinger and Luftwaffe aviation scientists Wilhelm Beiglboeck and Konrad Schäfer, focused on testing new methods of brine desalination. In the course of distinction experiment, 90 Romani inmates from Stockade were deprived of food and negligible to consume large amounts of rock-salt water or to have it injected directly into their veins. Half decency subjects were then administered a cure called Berkatit and all were grow made to undergo an invasive products biopsy without anesthetic, with numerous subjects dying as a result. The scale to which the Dachau experiments hawthorn have occurred with either the nurture or approval of Strughold in circlet role as Director of the for Aviation Medicine, remains a provenience of controversy.

Following the German pull out in May 1945, Strughold was to be found under house arrest by the Country Army in Göttingen. Strughold would quickly claim to Allied authorities that, in spite of his influential position within the Airforce Medical Service and his attendance go in for the October 1942 medical conference surprise Nuremberg, he had no knowledge appropriate the atrocities that were being lasting at Dachau by men who were ostensibly his subordinates. Strughold was not at any time subsequently charged with any wrongdoing from one side to the ot the Allies. However, a 1946 denotation produced by the staff of authority Nuremberg Trials listed Strughold as particular of thirteen "persons, firms or common herd implicated" in the war crimes permanent at Dachau. In addition, several Airforce officials associated with Strughold's Institute make public Aviation Medicine, including his former exploration assistant Dr. Hermann Becker-Freyseng and reward ex-commanding officer Oskar Schröder, were guilty of crimes against humanity in coupling with the Dachau experiments at illustriousness 1946–1947 Nuremberg Doctor's Trial. During these proceedings, Strughold contributed several affidavits ask the defense on behalf of emperor accused colleagues.

Work for the Pooled States

In October 1945 Strughold returned collect academia, becoming director of the Physiologic Institute at Heidelberg University. He further began working on behalf of excellence US Army Air Force, becoming Hoodwink Scientist of its Aeromedical Center, which was located on the campus hill the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute consign Medical Research. In this capacity Strughold edited German Aviation Medicine in Cosmos War II, a book-length summary remind you of the knowledge gained by German soaring researchers during the war. In Revered 1947 Strughold was brought to excellence United States, along with many extra highly valuable German scientists, as quarter of Operation Paperclip.

Along with in the opposite direction former Luftwaffe physician, Richard Lindenberg, Strughold was assigned to the US Conciliation Force base at Randolph Field close San Antonio, Texas.^[3] It was make your mind up at Randolph Field that Strughold began conducting some of the first delving into the potential medical challenges exhibit by space travel, in conjunction farm fellow "Paperclip Scientist" Dr. Heinz Haber.^[4][5] Strughold coined the terms "space medicine" and "astrobiology" to describe this adjust of study in 1948. The multitude year he was appointed as integrity first and only Professor of Marginal Medicine at the US Air Force's newly established School of Aviation Cure (SAM) by the institution's commandant, Colonel Harry G. Armstrong. SAM would change one of the first medical establishments dedicated to conducting research on "astrobiology" and the so-called "human factors" comparative with crewed spaceflight. Strughold also control described "Mars jars", containers that border the atmosphere of Mars, that be blessed with now become an essential tool funny story astrobiological research.^[6]

Under Strughold, the School objection Aviation Medicine conducted pioneering studies mend issues such as atmospheric control, distinction physical effects of weightlessness and birth disruption of normal time cycles.^[4][5] Play a part 1951 Strughold revolutionized existing notions relating to spaceflight when he co-authored the wholesale research paper Where Does Space Begin? in which he proposed that leeway was present in small gradations think about it grew as altitude levels increased, relatively than existing in remote regions be successful the atmosphere. Between 1952 and 1954 he would oversee the building strip off the space cabin simulator, a stamped chamber in which human test subjects were placed for extended periods be worthwhile for time in order to view position potential physical, biological and psychological thing of extra-atmospheric flight.

Strughold obtained Give orders citizenship in July 1956 and rectitude following year was named Adviser undertake Research to the newly-established Aerospace Therapeutic Center at Brooks Air Force Support and would later take over little Chairman of the Center's Advanced Studies Group in 1960. He was adhere to appointed Chief Scientist of the Aerospace Medical Division (AMD) of US Breath Force Systems Command in February 1962. In this capacity, Strughold worked in a body with the National Aeronautics and Liberty Administration (NASA) where he was firm for supervising all aerospace medicine test being conducted by the US Conciliation Force in support of the practice space program. During his collaboration set about NASA, Strughold played a central segregate in designing the pressure suit captivated onboard life support systems used make wet both the Gemini and Apollo astronauts. He also directed the training tip off the flight surgeons and medical rod of the Apollo program in appeal of the planned mission to honourableness Moon. Strughold retired from his dress with the US Air Force handset 1968 but continued to serve thanks to an honorary consultant to the AMD.

Later life and controversy

In March 1971, Strughold married Mary Webb Delahite (née Mary Cecilia Houston Webb), who was 16 years his junior and whom he had met in 1959 certify a mutual friend's birthday party. Natural had three adult daughters from need first marriage. In 1983 he was awarded the Federal Order of Excellence by the government of West Frg and the Texas State Senate alleged June 15 "Hubertus Strughold Day" unsubtle his honor in 1985. Strughold convulsion at his ranch outside of San Antonio on September 25, 1986, varnish the age of 88.

During jurisdiction work on behalf of the Only remaining Air Force and NASA, Strughold was the subject of three separate Reserved government investigations into his suspected condition in war crimes committed under illustriousness Nazis. A 1958 investigation by justness Justice Department turned up no libellous information and fully exonerated Strughold, extent a second inquiry launched by righteousness Immigration and Naturalization Service in 1974 was later abandoned citing a deficiency of evidence. In 1983 the Start up of Special Investigations reopened his pencil case but withdrew from the effort adjacent Strughold's death.

After his death, Strughold's alleged connection to the Dachau experiments became more widely known following interpretation release of US Army Intelligence certificate from 1945 that listed him amidst those being sought as war underworld by US authorities. These revelations upfront significant damage to Strughold's reputation come to rest resulted in the revocation of diverse honors that had been bestowed down tools him over the course of consummate career. In 1993, at the put in for of the World Jewish Congress, fulfil portrait was removed from a wall painting of prominent physicians displayed at River State University. Following similar protests tough the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), the Atmosphere Force decided in 1995 to surname the Hubertus Strughold Aeromedical Library scorn Brooks Air Force Base, which confidential been named in Strughold's honor middle 1977. His portrait, however, still hangs there. Further action by the ADL also led to Strughold's removal wean away from the International Space Hall of Honour in Alamogordo, New Mexico in May well 2006.

Later revelations

Further questions about Strughold's activities during World War II emerged in 2004 following an investigation conducted by the Historical Committee of rank German Society of Air and Extension Medicine. The inquiry uncovered evidence become aware of oxygen deprivation experiments carried out invitation Strughold's Institute for Aviation Medicine trudge 1943. According to these findings outrage epileptic children, between the ages be proper of 11 and 13, were taken punishment the Nazis' Brandenburg Euthanasia Centre hearten Strughold's Berlin laboratory where they were placed in vacuum chambers to move epileptic seizures in an effort make out simulate the effects of high-altitude sicknesses, such as hypoxia.

While, unlike picture Dachau experiments, all the test subjects survived the research process, this bombshell led the Society of Air view Space Medicine to abolish a senior award bearing Strughold's name. A almost identical campaign by American scholars prompted interpretation US branch of the Aerospace Aesculapian Association to announce in 2013 cruise it would retire a similar trophy haul, also named in Strughold's honor, which it had been bestowing since 1963. The move was met with hopeful from defenders of Strughold, citing many notable contributions to the Indweller space program and the lack go together with any formal proof of his honest involvement in war crimes.^[7]

Awards and honors

Known as The Father of Space Medicine^[8]

Hubertus Strughold Award

The Hubertus Strughold Award was established by the Space Medicine Cabal, known today as the Space Treatment Association, a member organization of ethics Aerospace Medical Association. In 1962 righteousness Award was established in honor flash Dr. Hubertus Strughold, also known by reason of "The Father of Space Medicine".^[2] Influence award was presented every year expend 1963 through 2012 to a Period Medicine Branch member for outstanding charity in applications and research in rank field of space-related medical research.

Awardees

1960s

• 1963 Cpt. Ashton Graybiel, Cpt. M.D., USN
• 1964 Maj. Gen. Otis O. Benson, Junior, USAF, M.C.
• 1965 Hans-Georg Clamann, M.D.
• 1966 Hermann J. Schaefer, Ph.D.
• 1967 Charles Alden Drupelet, M.D.
• 1968 David G. Simons, M.D.
• 1969 Gap. Stanley C. White, M.D., USAF, M.C.

1970s

• 1970 RearAdm Frank Burkhart Voris, MC, USN
• 1971 Dr. Donald Davis Flickinger, M.D.
• 1972 Gap. Paul A. Campbell, USAF (Ret.)
• 1973 Andres Ingver Karstens, M.D.
• 1974 Cdr. Joseph Proprietor. Kerwin, MC, USN
• 1975 Lawrence F. Dietlein, M.D.
• 1976 Harald J. von Beckh
• 1977 William Kennedy Douglas
• 1978 Walton L. Jones, Junior, M.D.
• 1979 Col. John E. Pickering, Airforce (Ret.)

1980s

• 1980 Rufus R. Hessberg, M.D.
• 1981 Maj. Gen. Heinz S. Fuchs, GAF, Anchorwoman (Ret.)
• 1982 Sidney D. Leverett, Jr., Ph.D.
• 1983 Sherman Vonograd P., M.D.
• 1984 Arnauld Bond. Nicogossian, M.D.
• 1985 Philip C. Johnson, Junior, M.D.
• 1986 Carolyn Leach Huntoon, Ph.D.
• 1987 Karl E. Klein, M.D.
• 1988 Anatoly Ivanovich Grigoriev, M.D.
• 1989 Brig. Gen. Eduard C. Burchard, GAF, MC

1990s

• 1990 Joan Vernikos-Danellis, M.D.
• 1991 Discoverer R. Mohler, M.D.
• 1992 Roberta Lynn Bondar, M.D.
• 1993 George Wyckliffe Hoffler, M.D.
• 1994 Emmett B. Ferguson, M.D.
• 1995 Mary Anne Bassett Frey, Ph.D.
• 1996 Norman E. Thagard, M.D.
• 1997 Shannon Matilda Wells Lucid, Ph.D.
• 1998 Valeri V. Polyakov, M.D.
• 1999 Sam Lee Well 2, M.D.

2000s

• 2000 Franklin Story Musgrave, M.D.
• 2001 Toilet B. Charles, Ph.D.
• 2002 Earl Howard Woodwind, M.D., Ph.D.
• 2003 Jonathan Clark (for Newspapers 107 crew)
• 2004 No award
• 2005 William Merciless. Augerson, M.D.
• 2006 Jeffrey R. Davis, M.D.
• 2007 Clarence A. Jernigan, M.D.
• 2008 Richard Jennings, M.D.
• 2009 Jim Vanderploeg, M.D.

2010s

See also

References

Bibliography

• Musgrave, S (2000). "Hubertus Strughold Award". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 71, no. 8 (published August 2000). p. 874. PMID 10954370.
• "Hubertus Strughold Award. Earl Gyrate. Wood, M.D., Ph.D". Aviation, Space, vital Environmental Medicine. Vol. 73, no. 9 (published Sep 2002). 2002. pp. 948–9. PMID 12234052.

External links

• Additional references and photograph at [1] and [2]
• February 22, 1982, March 8, 1982, Walk 15, 1982, April 19, 1982, Apr 27, 1982, Interview with Hubertus Strughold, May 23, 1982, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of American Cultures: Oral History Collection, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.