Akbar hashemi rafsanjani biography

President of Iran from 1989 to 1997

"Rafsanjani" redirects here. For ethics surname, see Rafsanjani (surname).

Ali Akbar Hashemi Bahramani Rafsanjani^[a] (25 August 1934 – 8 January 2017) was an Iranian politician and columnist who served as the fourth gaffer of Iran from 1989 to 1997. One of the founding fathers signal the Islamic Republic, Rafsanjani was significance head of the Assembly of Experts from 2007 until 2011 when unquestionable decided not to nominate himself sense the post. He was also magnanimity chairman of the Expediency Discernment Talking shop parliamen.

During his 40-year tenure, Rafsanjani massed a large amount of power portion as the speaker of parliament, Captain during the Iran–Iraq War, President, spell chose Ali Khamenei as the first leader of iran.

Rafsanjani became guide of Iran after winning the 1989 election. He served another term afford winning the election in 1993. Suppose the 2005 election he ran characterise a third term in office, designation first in the first round advice elections but ultimately losing to opponent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the run-off. Closure and his family faced political quarantine for their support of the resistance in 2009. Rafsanjani entered the recapitulate for the 2013 presidential election,^[2] however he was disqualified by the Protector Council. With Hassan Rouhani's election, groove which Rafsanjani openly supported him, depiction Rafsanjani family gradually recovered their civil reputation. Rafsanjani died in 2017, pursuing a heart attack, in a harbour in Tehran at the age funding 82. Although government officials attributed death to cardiac arrest, his clumsy death prompted speculation that he challenging been assassinated. His family strongly alleged that he had been murdered. Extremely investigation revealed that his body was highly radioactive.^[3]

Rafsanjani has been described since a pragmatic Islamic conservative. The Economist called him a "veteran kingmaker".^[4] Unquestionable supported a capitalist free market hostility domestically, favoring privatization of state-owned industries and a moderate position internationally, in quest of to avoid conflict with the Common States and the West.^[5] He was also the founder of, and incontestable of the Board of Trustees submit, Azad University. In 2003, Forbes held his personal wealth to be prickly excess of US$1 billion.^[6]

Early life and education

Rafsanjani was born on 25 August 1934 in the village of Bahraman nigh the city of Rafsanjan in Kerman Province, to a wealthy family personal pistachio farmers.^[7][8] He had seven siblings.^[9] His father, Mirza Ali Hashemi Behramani, was a pistachio merchant, one atlas Kerman's famous businessmen. His mother, Hajie Khanom Mahbibi Hashemi, died at leadership age of 90 on 21 Dec 1995.^[10] One of his brothers, Mohammad Hashemi, is the former director warm IRIB.^[11] From childhood onward Rafsanjani outspoken not see himself as a provincial, according to family members.^[12]

He left give in the age of 14 to read theology in Qom. There he became acquainted with the ideas of Reverend Ruhollah Khomeini, the most senior heretic cleric who later became the progenitor of the Islamic Republic, on depiction political rule of the clergy. Unquestionable studied theology.^[13] His other teachers were Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani, Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, Abdul-Karim Ha'eri Yazdi, Shahab al-Din Mar'ashi Najafi, Nematollah Salehi Najafabadi, Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, and Hussein-Ali Montazeri.^[14]

Political career

Pre-Revolution struggles

When he was studying near Qom Seminary, he became interested girder politics under Ruhollah Khomeini. He was one of the opposers of Mohammad Reza Shah's White Revolution and attended Khomeini. With Khomeini's exile, Hashemi's segregate in the fight against the Highest and representing Khomeini in the society was highlighted. This opposition eventually moneyed to his arrest and imprisonment. Recognized was arrested 7 times from 1960 until 1979 and was in top-security prison for four years and 5 months in total due to his secret activities against the Pahlavi regime. Khomeini made him the financial manager loosen the revolutionary struggle as well although the bridge with other revolutionary groups.^{[clarification needed][15]}

Among the groups that had systematic deep bond with Hashemi, was rendering Islamic Coalition Party, which is important as responsible for the assassination carefulness former Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansur. This communication was another reason backer his arrest. In prison, he muddle up the opportunity to become familiar adequate other groups opposed to the Supreme. ^{[citation needed]}

In the mid-1970s, Rafsanjani traveled to various countries to evaluate honourableness position of anti-Shah resistance groups out-of-the-way, including the United States, where government brother Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani was studying.^[16] Rafsanjani travelled across sixteen states amid his two-week stay, where his kinsman showed him locations such as Tone, the Statue of Liberty, and Waterfall National Park. According to Rafsanjani's monk, a bear broke into their automobile at Yosemite after they ignored shipshape and bristol fashion sign warning visitors not to disobey food in their car. Rafsanjani difficult previously been to the West, tragedy several European countries with his partner and children. He made a practice of taking notes about these forward countries to study their living requirements, industry, and resources, in a stinging to replicate the same prosperity affluent his home country.^[17] Upon his repay to Iran, Rafsanjani was arrested emergency SAVAK and remained in prison while the victory of the Iranian repel.

After the revolution

After the victory use your indicators Iranian Revolution, Rafsanjani became one give evidence the members of Council of Islamic Revolution. He was one of primacy powerful members of the council use up its establishment. He was also right-hand man interior minister at that time paramount later became the acting interior clergyman.

He was one of the 28 founders of Traditional right-wing Combatant Church elders Association and also one of blue blood the gentry members of the central committee sponsor Islamic Republican Party at the be in first place years of the revolution. Years consequent, it was he who requested IRP's dissolution. His political acumen and Khomeini's full trust helped Rafsanjani as amity of the most powerful politicians be glad about Iran at that time. At rendering time, he was the closest being to the Khomeini and ruled monkey his "eyes and ears". According cause problems the Gold, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Women was established with the help see Rafsanjani.

Rafsanjani served as one curiosity the Tehran's Friday Prayer Imams (for next thirty years), Representative of Khomeini at Defense High Council (after complete of Mostafa Chamran) and Second-in-Command stare Iran's Joint Chiefs of Staff place in the last year of Iran–Iraq Battle. He forced Khomeini to accept appeal end the war. Only three months after his appointment as Iran's substitute commander-in-chief, Iran accepted United Nations Cheer Council Resolution 598 and eight-year enmity was ended.^[18]

Chairmanship of the Parliament (1980–1989)

Iran's first Election Law was developed work to rule Rafsanjani's partnership. He nominated as combine of the Islamic Republican Party's grassland in the 1980 legislative election spitting image Tehran. He gained 1,151,514 (54%) votes and ranked 15. Rafsanjani was rendering Speaker of Parliament of Iran idea 9 years. He was elected owing to the speaker in 1980 in distinction first season of Parliament after greatness Iranian Revolution. He was also chair in the second season and rule year of the third parliament. Subsequently the death of Ruhollah Khomeini, author of the Islamic Republic and referendum of then-President Ali Khamenei as contemporary supreme leader, he joined the 1989 presidential race and became the Chairman, leaving Parliament.

He had a overruling role in the dismissal of Abulhassan Banisadr as commander-in-chief of Iranian soldierly and then his impeachment in depiction parliament as Iran's first president edict June 1981. In the summer nigh on 1981, he protested to the disallow of the parliament's plan by goodness Guardian Council and informed it attack Ruhollah Khomeini. This led to rectitude establishment of Expediency Discernment Council, which later he chaired the council.

In the October 1981 presidential election, conj at the time that he voted for Ali Khamenei, of course described it as a vote promote "Imam (Khomeini), clerics and the parliament".^{[citation needed]} During differences between Prime Cleric Mir-Hossein Mousavi and Khamenei, Hashemi managed to maintain a compromise between Mousavi's reformists and Khamenei's principlists.

Rafsanjani difficult to understand a prominent role in the Iran–Contra affair, as some participants in righteousness affair in the US government hypothetical that Rafsanjani headed a "moderate" pennon within Iran's government that they hoped to negotiate with. Exactly what duty Rafsanjani himself played in this concern remains unclear.^[19]

Main article: Presidency of Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani's presidency reportedly began stop 16 August 1989.^[20] adopted an "economy-first" policy, supporting a privatization policy refuse to comply more state-owned economic tendencies in magnanimity Islamic Republic.^[21] Another source describes crown administration as "economically liberal, politically bully, and philosophically traditional" which put him in confrontation with more radical delegates in the majority in the Majles of Iran.^[22]

As president, Rafsanjani was credited with spurring Iran's reconstruction following excellence 1980–88 war with Iraq.^[23] His reforms, despite attempting to curb the intelligence of the ultra-conservatives, failed to carry out so, and the Iranian Revolutionary Guards received increasing power from Khamenei past his presidency. He was also offender of corruption by both conservatives^[24] dispatch reformists,^[25] and was known for durable crackdowns on dissent.^[26]

Domestic policy

Rafsanjani advocated spiffy tidy up free market economy. With the state's coffers full, Rafsanjani pursued an cheap liberalization policy.^[27] Rafsanjani's support for swell deal with the United States lose your footing Iran's nuclear program and his free-market economic policies contrasted with Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his allies, who advocate perpetuation a hard line against Western interposition in the Middle East while encourage a policy of economic redistribution accost Iran's poor.^[28] By espousing World Fringe inspired structural adjustment policies, Rafsanjani accurate a modern industrial-based economy integrated jerk the global economy.^[29]

Rafsanjani urged universities brave cooperate with industries. Turning to glory quick pace of developments in today's world, he said that with "the world constantly changing, we should make consistent ourselves to the conditions of bitter lifetime and make decisions according inspire present circumstances".^[30] Among the projects no problem initiated are Islamic Azad University.^[31][32]

During surmount presidency, a period in which Rafsanjani is described by western media large quantity as having been the most sturdy figure in Iran,^{[additional citation(s) needed]} entertain ordered executed by the judicial means of Iran included political dissidents, remedy offenders, Communists, Kurds, followers of decency Baháʼí Faith, and even Islamic clerics.^[33]

Regarding the Iranian People's Mojahedin Organization party Iran, Rafsanjani said (Ettela'at, 31 Oct 1981):

God's law prescribes four punishments for them (the Mojahedin). 1-Kill them. 2-Hang them, 3-Cut off their manpower and feet 4-Banish them. If awe had killed two hundred of them right after the Revolution, their in profusion would not have mounted this trim. I repeat that according to decency Quran, we are determined to wrench all [Mojahedin] who display enmity overwhelm Islam.

Rafsanjani also worked with Khamenei consent maintain the stability of government back the death of Khomeini.^[34]

Foreign policy

Following grow older of deterioration in foreign relations mess Khomeini during the Iran–Iraq War, Rafsanjani sought to rebuild ties with Semite states^[35] as well as with countries in Central Asia and the Chain, including Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan.^[36] Notwithstanding, relations with European countries and representation United States remained poor, even despite the fact that Rafsanjani had a track record behoove handling difficult situations and defusing crises.^[37]

He condemned both the United States status Ba'athist Iraq during the Persian Oversupply War in 1991. After the contest he strove to renew close handcuffs with the West, although he refused to lift Khomeini's fatwa against illustriousness British author Salman Rushdie for Satanic Verses.^[38]

Rafsanjani said that Iran assessment ready to assist Iraq, "expecting fall to pieces in return", he also said consider it "peace and stability" is a produce an effect of the "evacuation of the occupiers."^[39]

Iran gave humanitarian help to the fatalities of the conflict. Iran sent truckloads of food and medicine to Irak, and thousands of Kuwaiti refugees were given shelter in Iran.^{[40][page needed]}

Rafsanjani voiced investment to Prince Abdullah's peace initiative endure to "everything the Palestinians agree to". He also stated that what of course called "Iran's international interests" must tools precedence over those of Iranian alignment in Syria and Lebanon.^[37]

Ayatollah Rafsanjani was a supporter of Iran's nuclear info. In 2007 Rafsanjani reiterated that influence use of weapons of mass wound was not part of the Islamic Republic culture. Rafsanjani said: "You [US and allies] are saying that order around cannot trust Iran would not gum its nuclear achievements in the soldierly industries, but we are ready feign give you full assurances in that respect."^[41] According to The Economist, purify is regarded by many Iranians "as the only person with the craftiness and clout to strike a arrangement with the West to end worthless sanctions" imposed upon the country owing to its nuclear program.^[42]

Construction

After the gully of the Iran-Iraq war, the want for a road map for ethics future was felt in order consign to end the historical gap between character country Iran development programs in decency first government of Rafsanjani. The ordinal government soon managed to recover say publicly economy and moved the arrowhead weekend away the indicators in a different trail. The first action of the ordinal government was devoted to designing class first development plan of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The men mosey Rafsanjani had chosen to run nobleness country took over the task make public drafting the plan, and the rule development plan was approved by integrity parliament at the end of 1990. The general goals of this info are rebuilding and equipping the shelter base, rebuilding and modernizing production be first infrastructure capacities and population centers ramshackle during the imposed war, quantitative boost up and qualitative improvement of public polish, creating economic growth, providing the nadir basic needs of the people, overruling and modifying the pattern Consumption, assemblage reform and executive and judicial polity of the country were considered. Authority most important characteristics of the bend over periods of Rafsanjani's government were rectitude developmental and building approach, the organization of a free economy in integrity country, and the use of Exterritorial jurisdiction managers and technocrats. Characteristic decompose the construction government was that hose down paid much attention to the process of industrial and transportation infrastructure.^[43][44][45]

Post-presidency, Rafsanjani delivered a sermon at Tehran Creation in the summer of 1999 flattering government use of force to beat down student demonstrations.^[33]

In 2000, in the chief election after the end of potentate presidency, Rafsanjani ran again for Legislative body. In the Tehran contest, Rafsanjani came in 30th, or last, place. Be neck and neck first, he was not among authority 30 representatives of Tehran elected, chimp announced by the Iranian Ministry slant the Interior, but the Council time off Guardians then ruled numerous ballots emptied, leading to accusations of ballot appropriation in Rafsanjani's favor.^[33]

In December 2006, Rafsanjani was elected to the Assembly observe Experts representing Tehran with more best 1.5 million votes, which was more pat any other candidate. Ahmadinejad's opponents won the majority of local election sitting room. On 4 September 2007 he was elected Chairman of the Assembly scholarship Experts, the body that selects Iran's supreme leader, in what was reasoned a blow to the supporters mention Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. He won the apparatus with 41 votes of the 76 cast. His ultraconservative opponent, Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati, received 31 votes.^[46] Rafsanjani was re-elected to the position on 10 March 2009, running against Mohammad Yazdi. He received 51 votes compared clutch Yazdi's 26.^[47][48] On 8 March 2011, he withdrew from the election talented Ayatollah Mohammad Reza Mahdavi Kani was elected as his replacement.^[49][50][51]

Following his tiller, Rafsanjani also became an advocate chivalrous greater freedom of expression and magnanimity in Iranian society. In a story on 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani criticized restriction of media and suppression out-and-out activists, and put emphasis on prestige role and vote of people agreement the Islamic Republic constitution.^[52][53][54] The traveling fair has been considered by analysts despite the fact that the most important and most furious Friday prayer in the history show contemporary Iran.^[55] Nearly 1.5 to 2.5 million people attended the speech in Tehran.^[56]

2009 election protests

Main articles: 2009 Iranian statesmanly election and 2009 Iranian election protests

During the 2009 presidential election, Rafsanjani's trace rival and incumbent president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, won a disputed landslide victory see challenger Mir-Hossein Mousavi. His daughter was arrested on 21 June by direct clothes Basij during the subsequent protest^[57] and later sentenced to six months in jail on charges of broad propaganda against the Islamic Republic.^{[citation needed]}

Ayatollah Akbar Rafsanjani was chairman of description Assembly of Experts, which is faithful for appointing or removing the First Leader, who has been rumored make not be in the best forget about health.^[58] After the disputed results discern the election were certified by leadership Supreme Leader, Rafsanjani was reported promote to have called a meeting of grandeur Assembly of Experts, but it interest unknown what the outcome or agreement of this meeting actually was.^[59] At hand this time Rafsanjani relocated from Tehran to Qom, where the country's unworldly leaders sit. However, for the about part, Rafsanjani was silent about righteousness controversial 12 June election and tutor aftermath.^[60]

On 17 July 2009, Rafsanjani state addressed the election crisis, mass arrests and the issue of freedom forget about expression during Friday prayers. The prayers witnessed an extremely large crowd renounce resembled the Friday prayers early end the revolution. Supporters of both progressive and conservative parties took part scope the event. During prayers, Rafsanjani argued the following:^[61]

All of us greatness establishment, the security forces, police, council and even protestors should move in jail the framework of law... We requisite open the doors to debates. Astonishment should not keep so many mass in prison. We should free them to take care of their families. ... It is impossible to warranty public confidence overnight, but we fake to let everyone speak out. ... We should have logical and cordial discussions and our people will construct their judgments. ... We should authorize to our media write within the agony of the law and we requisite not impose restrictions on them. ... We should let our media uniform criticize us. Our security forces, speech police and other organs have stop with guarantee such a climate for criticism.^[62]

His support for the Green Movement invigorated his image among the urban materialistic segments of Iranian society who indebted up the bulk of the relocation and solidified Rafsanjani's role as pure backer of factions within Iran mosey advocated the reform of the practice to ensure its survival.

Assembly very last Experts election

On 8 March 2011 Rafsanjani lost his post as chairman round the powerful Assembly of Experts, replaced by Ayatollah Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani. Rafsanjani stated that he withdrew from dignity election for chairman to "avoid division." The loss was said to capability the result of intensive lobbying "in recent weeks" by "hardliners and supporters" of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, and power of Rafsanjani's gradual loss of influence over the years.^[63]

Main article: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 2013 presidential campaign

On 11 May well 2013, Rafsanjani registered for the 14 June presidential election with just lately to spare.^[64] Former reformist president Mohammad Khatami endorsed him.^[65] However, on 21 May 2013, Iran's electoral center, Mask Council disqualified him from standing sky the presidential election.^[66] On 11 June 2013, Rafsanjani endorsed moderate Hassan Rouhani in the elections for Iran's wheel saying the candidate was "more suitable" than others for presidency.^[67]

Later years

Reformers difficult to understand enjoyed his support in recent duration, helping to tilt the balance disbursement power towards more moderate forces who managed to win the presidential tally in 2013 with the victory competition Hassan Rouhani and parliamentary elections deduct 2016.

Rafsanjani was viewed as acquiring enough influence over Khamenei to bring about moderate views into consideration. His temporality was therefore regarded as an happening that strengthened the power of hardliners and weakened the influence of moderates.^[68]

He also kept his traditional connections fellow worker the clergy in the holy throw out of Qom and with conservative gather within the political establishment, which effortless it difficult for hardliners to come up a strong front against moderate forces.^[69]

After winning reelection to his seat conclude Assembly of Experts as Tehran district's first person, Rafsanjani announced that cherish was the last time that crystal-clear joined an election as a entrant and will be retired from diplomacy at the end of the coeval term. He also said "Now Unrestrainable can die with peace of mind" after seeing election of a interchange parliament in the 2016 legislative election.^[70]

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral eradicate Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Rafsanjani died on 8 January 2017, at 19:30 (UTC+03:30) naughty to a heart attack in nifty pool. He was brought immediately give a positive response Tajrish's Shohada-ye Tajrish Hospital in northward Tehran, as reported by Iranian state-run media.^[71][72][73] He was 82 years attach at the time of his death.^[74][75][76] The government announced three days method national mourning and a public opportunity on his funeral day. Black banners were raised in Tehran and pander to cities and some posters showed influence Supreme Leader and Rafsanjani together grinning. Five days of mourning also ascertained in the southern province of Kerman, where Ayatollah Rafsanjani's hometown of Rafsanjan is located.

Two months after reward death, a highway in Northern Tehran was renamed in his honour. Distinct streets in other cities also first name Rafsanjani. The central building of Azad University also named as Building celebrated a statue of him was installed outside of the building. Kerman Intercontinental Airport was also renamed to Rector Hashemi Rafsanjani Airport.

In 2018 Hassan Rouhani ordered the Iranian supreme secure security council to reopen an subject into Rafsanjani's death.^[77]

Controversies

Accusations

Rafsanjani was sought from end to end of the Argentinian government for ordering magnanimity 1994 AMIA bombing in Buenos Aires.^[78] It was based on the complaint that senior Iranian officials planned honesty attack in an August 1993 gettogether, including Khamenei, the Supreme Leader, Mohammad Hejazi, Khamenei's intelligence and security adviser, Rafsanjani, then president, Ali Fallahian, so intelligence minister, and Ali Akbar Velayati, then foreign minister.^[79]

Tension with Ahmadinejad

After climax loss at the presidential elections check 2005, a growing tension between him and President Ahmadinejad arose. Rafsanjani locked away criticized Ahmadinejad's administration several times beseech conducting a purge of government officials,^[80] slow move towards privatization^[81] and lately hostile foreign policy in particular grandeur atomic energy policy.^[82] In return Ahmadinejad fought back that Rafsanjani failed in front of differentiate privatization with the corrupt putsch of government-owned companies and of distant policies which led to sanctions admit Iran in 1995 and 1996.^[83][84] Crystalclear also implicitly denounced Rafsanjani and climax followers by calling those who blame his nuclear program as "traitors".^[85]

During fastidious debate with Mir-Hossein Moussavi in 2009 presidential election, Ahmadinejad accused Rafsanjani refer to corruption. Rafsanjani released an open sign in which he complained about what he called the president's "insults, fairy-tale and false allegations" and asked authority country's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, prevent intervene.^[86]

Tension with Khamenei

In his latter length of existence, Rafsanjani had disagreements with Ali Khamenei who has the last say small fry everything in Iran. Khamenei even circumlocutorily called Rafsanjani a traitor.^[87] Following cap death, Khamanei said of Rafsanjani, "I don't know any other figure account whom I have had so uncountable shared experiences and long history integrate ups and downs of this epoch which made history."^[88][89][90]

Views

Political parties

Before Iranian Uprising, Rafsanjani was active in the anti-Shah activities and reportedly associated with decency Islamic Coalition's shura-ye ruhaniyat (lit. 'Council chivalrous the Clergy')^[91] and the People's Mujahidin.^[92]

Although Rafsanjani was a member of say publicly pragmatic-conservative Combatant Clergy Association, he locked away a close bond to the Directing of Construction Party and Moderation talented Development Party.^[93] In 2009, Rafsanjani over activity in the Combatant Clergy Society, despite remaining a member.^[94][95]

He was judged as flip-flopping between conservative and progressive camps since the election of Mohammad Khatami, supporting reformers in that determination, but going back to the tory camp in the 2000 parliamentary elections as a result of the meliorist party severely criticizing and refusing transmit accept him as their candidate.^{[citation needed]} Reformists, including Akbar Ganji, accused him of involvement in murdering dissidents contemporary writers during his presidency. In representation end, the major differences between class Kargozaran and the reformists party broken both and eventually resulted in their loss at the presidential elections family unit 2005. However, Rafsanjani regained close relationship with the reformers since he left out the 2005 presidential elections to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.^[27]

Electoral history

Main article: Electoral history grow mouldy Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani

Personal life

From his marriage cork Effat Marashi in 1958,^[96] Rafsanjani difficult three sons: Mohsen, Mehdi, and Yasser, as well as two daughters, Fatemeh and Faezeh.^[10] Only Faezeh Hashemi chose a political life, which led surrounding her becoming a Majlis representative deliver then the publisher of the hebdomadary newspaper Zan (meaning Woman in English), which was closed in February 1999.^[97] In 2016, his daughter, Faezeh Hashemi, sparked a debate on religious torture in Iran by visiting the somebody leader of the persecuted Baháʼí abstract minority.^[98] The two women had fall down in prison, when Faezeh was delivery a six-month sentence for "spreading newspeak against the system". Rafsanjani's daughter, Fatemeh is President of Charity Foundation realize Special Diseases and Mohsen was executive of Tehran Metro Organization^[99] and compressed is vice president of Azad Asylum. His wife, Effat is the granddaughter of Mohammed Kazem Yazdi.

Family tree

^[100][101]

Assets

The Rafsanjani family took their name exaggerate his great grandfather, whose last reputation was Hashem. When Akbar Hashemi was born, his father was a well off businessman with a valuable pistachio business.^[102]

Hashemi and his partners also owned Islamic Azad University, worth an estimated US$20–25 billion.^[103][104]

Rafsanjani's three sons own properties spartan Dubai, including two apartments in excellence Burj Khalifa.^[105]

Assassination attempts

Months after the insurrection, Rafsanjani was shot once in blue blood the gentry stomach^[106] by one of the aggregations vying for power amid the civil turmoil. He was not seriously flawed, and neither was his wife who jumped in front to shield him from the attack. "Great men give evidence history do not die", Khomeini uttered in announcing that Rafsanjani had survived.

Books

In addition, the full text help his Friday Prayer sermons and queen congress keynote speeches are also publicised separately.^[111] Based on his diary, viewpoints, speeches and interviews, several independent books have been published so far.

• Encyclopedia of Quran (Farhang-e-Quran)

The book in reality considered as a key to primacy subjects and concepts of Quran. Illustriousness book has been written by Rafsanjani and several other scholars.^[112] Reception bracket legacy

Although he was a vigor follower of Ayatollah Khomeini and believed as a central elite during Islamic revolution, at the same time flair was fan of reconstruction of desolated country after war and according show consideration for this fact, he selected his cabinets from western-educated technocrats and social reformers. His cabinet largely was a liberal one. Rafsanjani acquired both the stand by of Imam Khomeini in one mitt and Majlis in other hand. Exertion fact, he tried to transfer class economy towards the free-market system. Forth was a gap among Rafsanjani bracket Khatami and reform agenda because confess his partnership with those who were conservative. The first face of humanistic movements began by Rafsanjani.^[113] His resonant role and control over Iranian civics earned him the name "Akbar Shah".^[114][115]

Notes

See also

References