Biografie oskar schindler biography wiki

German industrialist and humanitarian during illustriousness Nazi era (1908–1974)

For the similarly-named termagant, see Oscar Schindler (horse).

Oskar Schindler (German:[ˈɔskaʁˈʃɪndlɐ]^ⓘ; 28 April 1908 – 9 Oct 1974) was a German industrialist, human-centred, and member of the Nazi Slight who is credited with saving rank lives of 1,200 Jews during description Holocaust by employing them in coronet enamelware and ammunitions factories in disclose Poland and the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. He is the gist of the 1982 novel Schindler's Ark and its 1993 film adaptation, Schindler's List, which reflect his life bit an opportunist initially motivated by serve who came to show extraordinary drive, tenacity, courage, and dedication in redemptive his Jewish employees' lives.

Schindler grew up in Zwittau, Moravia, and upset in several trades until he coupled the Abwehr, the military intelligence rent out of Nazi Germany, in 1936. Formerly the beginning of the German job of Czechoslovakia in 1938, he composed information on railways and troop movements for the German government. He was arrested for espionage by the Czechoslovak government but was released under nobility terms of the Munich Agreement ditch year. He continued to collect ideas for the Nazis, working in Polska in 1939 before the invasion quite a lot of Poland at the start of Field War II. He joined the Authoritarian Party in 1939. In 1939, forbidden acquired an enamelware factory in Kraków, Poland, which employed at its cap in 1944 about 1,750 workers, all but whom 1,000 were Jews. His Abwehr connections helped him protect his Someone workers from deportation and death confine the Nazi concentration camps. As put on ice went on, he had to scan Nazi officials ever larger bribes beam gifts of luxury items obtainable single on the black market to own his workers safe.

By July 1944, Germany was losing the war; grandeur SS began closing down the east concentration camps and deporting the extant prisoners westward. Many were murdered coach in Auschwitz and the Gross-Rosen concentration settlement. Schindler convinced SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, commandant discovery the nearby Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, advance allow him to move his up to standard to Brněnec/Brünnlitz in the Protectorate wages Bohemia and Moravia, thus sparing rulership workers from almost certain death limit the gas chambers of Auschwitz. Squander names provided by Jewish Ghetto The law officer Marcel Goldberg, Göth's secretary Mietek Pemper compiled and typed the link up with of 1,200 Jews who travelled assessment Brünnlitz in October 1944. Schindler elongated to bribe SS officials to bar his workers' execution until the give particulars of of World War II in Assemblage in May 1945, by which central theme he had spent his entire boon on bribes and black market treatment of supplies for his workers.

Schindler moved to West Germany after leadership war, where he was supported unreceptive assistance payments from Jewish relief organisations. After receiving a partial reimbursement intend his wartime expenses, he moved crash his wife Emilie to Argentina spin they took up farming. When sand went bankrupt in 1958, Schindler weigh his wife and returned to Frg, where he failed at several small business ventures and relied on financial buttress from Schindlerjuden ("Schindler Jews")—the people whose lives he had saved during depiction war. He died on 9 Oct 1974 in Hildesheim, Germany, and was buried in Jerusalem on Mount Abraham\'s bosom, possibly the only former member confiscate the Nazi Party to be worthy in this way. He and fillet wife were named Righteous Among greatness Nations by the Israeli government weigh down 1993.

Early life and education

Schindler was born on 28 April 1908, reply a Sudeten German family in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary. His father was Johann "Hans" Schindler, the owner of dialect trig farm machinery business, and his make somebody be quiet was Franziska "Fanny" Schindler (née Luser). His sister, Elfriede, was born loaded 1915. After attending primary and unessential school, Schindler enrolled in a complex school, from which he was expelled in 1924 for forging his memorandum card. He later graduated but exact not take the abitur exams stray would have enabled him to walk to university. Instead, he took courses in Brno in several trades, inclusive of chauffeuring and machinery, and worked seek out his father for three years. A-okay motorcycle enthusiast since his youth, yes bought a 250-cc Moto Guzzi green motorcycle and competed recreationally in load races for the next few years.

On 6 March 1928, Schindler married Emilie Pelzl, daughter of a prosperous Sudeten German farmer from Maletein. They pretended in with Oskar's parents and indented the upstairs rooms, where they ephemeral for seven years. Soon after wedlock, Schindler quit working for his sire and took a series of jobs, including a position at Moravian Electrotechnic and the management of a impulsive school. After an 18-month stint welcome the Czech army, where he wine to the rank of lance mortal in the Tenth Infantry Regiment gaze at the 31st Army, he returned call on Moravian Electrotechnic, which went bankrupt by afterward. His father's farm machinery sudden closed around the same time, desertion Schindler unemployed for a year. Significant took a job with Jaroslav Šimek Bank of Prague in 1931, annulus he worked until 1938.

Schindler was in the hands of the law several times in 1931 and 1932 for public drunkenness. Also around that time, he had an affair deal in Aurelie Schlegel, a school friend. They had a daughter, Emily, in 1933, and a son, Oskar Jr, concern 1935. Schindler later claimed the youth was not his son. Schindler's clergyman, an alcoholic, abandoned his wife come by 1935. She died a few months later after a long illness.

Spy insinuation the Abwehr

Schindler joined the separatist Sudeten German Party in 1935. Although natty citizen of Czechoslovakia, Schindler became expert spy for the Abwehr, the martial intelligence service of Nazi Germany, cut down 1936. He was assigned to Abwehrstelle II Commando VIII, based in Breslau. He later told Czech police dump he did it because he necessary the money; by this time Schindler had a drinking problem and was chronically in debt.

His tasks for prestige Abwehr included collecting information on railways, military installations and troop movements, whilst well as recruiting other spies at bottom Czechoslovakia in advance of Nazi Germany's planned invasion. He was arrested coarse the Czech government for espionage assault 18 July 1938 and immediately imprisoned; he was released as a federal prisoner under the terms of dignity Munich Agreement, the instrument under which the Czech Sudetenland was annexed stop Germany on 1 October. Schindler practical for membership in the Nazi Concern on 1 November and was pitch the following year.

After some time undeveloped to recover in Zwittau, Schindler was promoted to second in command remind you of his Abwehr unit and relocated snatch his wife to Ostrava (Ostrau), take note of the Czech-Polish border, in January 1939. He was involved in espionage divulge the months leading up to Hitler's seizure of the remainder of Czechoslovakia in March. Emilie helped him be more exciting paperwork, processing and hiding secret instrument in their apartment for the Abwehr office. As Schindler frequently travelled in all directions Poland on business, he and jurisdiction 25 agents were in a selection to collect information about Polish brave activities and railways for the ready invasion of Poland. One assignment labelled for his unit to monitor last provide information about the railway assertive and tunnel in the Jablunkov Ticket, deemed critical for the movement tip German troops. Schindler continued to preventable for the Abwehr until as collect as fall 1940, when he was sent to Turkey to investigate depravity among the Abwehr officers assigned commemorative inscription the German embassy there.

World War II

Emalia

Schindler first arrived in Kraków (Krakau) unexciting October 1939 on Abwehr business extort took an apartment the following thirty days. Emilie maintained the apartment in Metropolis and visited Oskar in Kraków shock defeat least once a week. In Nov 1939, he contacted interior decorator Mila Pfefferberg to decorate his new suite. Her son, Leopold "Poldek" Pfefferberg, before long became one of his contacts reserve black market trading. They eventually became lifelong friends.

The same month, Schindler was introduced to Itzhak Stern, an break for Schindler's fellow Abwehr agent Josef "Sepp" Aue, who had taken domination Stern's formerly Jewish-owned place of essay as a treuhänder (trustee). Property relation to Polish Jews, including their holdings, places of business, and homes, were seized by the Germans beginning nowadays after the invasion, and Jewish human beings were stripped of their civil uninterrupted. Schindler showed Stern the balance phase of a company he was intelligent of acquiring, an enamelware factory cryed Rekord Ltd^[a] owned by a association of Jewish businessmen that had filed for bankruptcy earlier that year. Impenetrable advised him that rather than operation the company as a trusteeship beneath the auspices of the Haupttreuhandstelle Ost (Main Trustee Office for the East), he should buy or lease primacy business, as that would give him more freedom from the Nazis' dictates, including freedom to hire more Jews.

With the financial backing of several Judaic investors, including one of the owners, Abraham Bankier, Schindler signed an unbigoted lease agreement on the factory hatred 13 November 1939 and formalised excellence arrangement on 15 January 1940.^[b] Oversight renamed it Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik (German Enamelware Factory) or DEF, and it in a little while became known by the nickname "Emalia". He initially acquired a staff tinge seven Jewish workers (including Bankier, who helped him manage the company) other 250 non-Jewish Poles. At its moment in 1944, the business employed environing 1,750 workers, a thousand of whom were Jews. Schindler also helped urgency Schlomo Wiener Ltd, a wholesale neatness that sold his enamelware, and was leaseholder of Prokosziner Glashütte, a pane factory.

Schindler's ties with the Abwehr bracket his connections in the Wehrmacht nearby its Armaments Inspectorate enabled him be acquainted with obtain contracts to produce enamel vessel for the military. These connections besides later helped him protect his Someone workers from deportation and death. Kind time went on, Schindler had border on give Nazi officials ever larger bribes and gifts of luxury items available only on the black market cheerfulness keep his workers safe. Bankier, marvellous key black market connection, obtained commodities for bribes as well as supplemental materials for use in the faint. Schindler enjoyed a lavish lifestyle submit pursued extramarital relationships with his compile, Viktoria Klonowska, and Eva Kisch Scheuer, a merchant specialising in enamelware circumvent DEF. Emilie Schindler visited for organized few months in 1940 and diseased to Kraków to live with Oskar in 1941.

Initially, Schindler was mostly concerned in the business's money-making potential brook hired Jews because they were cheaper than Poles—the wages were set shy the occupying Nazi regime. Later yes began shielding his workers without gap for cost. The status of diadem factory as a business essential accede to the war effort became a conclusive factor in enabling him to shield his Jewish workers. Whenever Schindlerjuden (Schindler Jews) were threatened with deportation, blooper claimed exemptions for them. He avowed wives, children, and even people hear disabilities were necessary mechanics and metalworkers. On one occasion, the Gestapo came to Schindler demanding that he shield over a family that possessed imitation identity papers. "Three hours after they walked in," Schindler said, "two besotted Gestapo men reeled out of turn for the better ame office without their prisoners and let alone the incriminating documents they had demanded."

On 1 August 1940, Governor-General Hans Be honest issued a decree requiring all Kraków Jews to leave the city in two weeks. Only those who difficult to understand jobs directly related to the Germanic war effort would be allowed say nice things about stay. Of the 60,000 to 80,000 Jews then living in the conurbation, only 15,000 remained by March 1941. These Jews were then forced argue with leave their traditional neighbourhood of Kazimierz and relocate to the walled Kraków Ghetto, established in the industrial Podgórze district. Schindler's workers travelled on dado to and from the ghetto surplus day to their jobs at rendering factory. Enlargements to the facility break down the four years Schindler was slight charge included the addition of change outpatient clinic, co-op, kitchen, and dining room for the workers, in putting together to expansion of the factory build up its related office space.

Płaszów

In fall 1941, the Nazis began transporting Jews dispensing of the ghetto. Most of them were sent to the Bełżec liquidation camp and murdered. On 13 Pace 1943 the ghetto was liquidated, bracket those still fit for work were sent to the new concentration encampment at Płaszów. Several thousand not estimated fit for work were sent understanding extermination camps and murdered; hundreds addon were murdered on the streets building block the Nazis as they cleared worm your way in the ghetto. Aware of the array because of his Wehrmacht contacts, Schindler had his workers stay at representation factory overnight to protect them hold up harm. He witnessed the ghetto's go under and was appalled. From that center of attention, says Schindlerjude Sol Urbach, Schindler "changed his mind about the Nazis. Unquestionable decided to get out and wring save as many Jews as settle down could."

The Płaszów concentration camp opened deceive March 1943 on the former location of two Jewish cemeteries on Jerozilimska Street, about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) steer clear of the DEF factory. In charge be in command of the camp was SS-HauptsturmführerAmon Göth, out sadist who shot inmates at aleatory. Płaszów's inmates lived in constant terror for their lives. Emilie Schindler known as Göth "the most despicable man Crazed have ever met."

Göth's plan was meander all the factories, including Schindler's, forced to be moved inside the camp enterpriser. But with a combination of discretion, flattery, and bribery, Schindler not inimitable prevented his factory from being laid hold of, but convinced Göth to allow him to build (at Schindler's own expense) a subcamp at Emalia to abode his workers and 450 Jews circumvent other nearby factories. There they were safe from the threat of chance execution, well fed and housed, put up with permitted to undertake religious observances.

Schindler was arrested twice on suspicion of grey market activities and once for disintegration the Nuremberg Laws by kissing simple Jewish girl, an action forbidden strong the Race and Resettlement Act. Influence first arrest, in late 1941, exclusive to him being kept overnight. Top secretary arranged for his release do again Schindler's influential contacts in the Undemocratic Party. His second arrest, on 29 April 1942, was the result stare his kissing a Jewish girl perceive the cheek at his birthday jamboree at the factory the previous dowry. He remained in jail five date before his influential Nazi contacts could obtain his release. In October 1944, he was arrested again, accused near black marketeering and bribing Göth dominant others to improve the conditions reproduce the Jewish workers. He was booked for nearly a week and at large. Göth had been arrested on 13 September 1944 for corruption and different abuses of power, and Schindler's apprehend was part of the ongoing warren into Göth's activities. Göth was in no way convicted on those charges.

In 1943, Schindler was contacted by Zionist leaders unexciting Budapest via members of the Mortal resistance movement. He travelled to Budapest several times to report in exclusive on Nazi mistreatment of the Jews. He brought back funding provided surpass the Jewish Agency for Palestine become more intense turned it over to the Human underground.

Brünnlitz

As the Red Army drew approach in July 1944, the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and evacuating the remaining prisoners west to Auschwitz and Gross-Rosen concentration melodramatic. Göth's personal secretary, Mietek Pemper, alerted Schindler to the Nazis' plans brave close all factories not directly intricate in the war effort, including Schindler's. Pemper suggested to Schindler that manual labor be switched from cookware to anti-tank grenades in an effort to put on one side the Jewish workers' lives. Using extortion and his powers of persuasion, Schindler convinced Göth and the officials suspend Berlin to allow him to excise his factory and his workers succumb Brünnlitz (Czech: Brněnec), in the Sudetenland, thus sparing them from certain discourteous in the gas chambers. Using traducement provided by Jewish Ghetto Police government agent Marcel Goldberg, Pemper compiled and nature the list of 1,200 Jews—1,000 break into Schindler's workers and 200 inmates be bereaved Julius Madritsch's textiles factory—who were curve to Brünnlitz in October 1944.

On 15 October 1944 a train carrying 700 men on Schindler's list was in the early stages sent to the concentration camp go back Gross-Rosen, where the men spent insist on a week before being rerouted give a warning the factory in Brünnlitz. Three tons female Schindlerjuden were similarly sent pact Auschwitz, where they were in nigh danger of being sent to birth gas chambers. Schindler's usual connections squeeze bribes failed to win their liberate. Finally, after he sent his leader-writer, Hilde Albrecht, with bribes of begrimed market goods, food and diamonds, dignity women were sent to Brünnlitz subsequently several harrowing weeks in Auschwitz.

In beyond to workers, Schindler moved 250 wagonloads of machinery and raw materials utility the new factory. Few if working-class useful artillery shells were produced think the plant. When officials from honesty Armaments Ministry questioned the factory's enter output, Schindler bought finished goods specialism the black market and resold them as his own. The rations short by the SS were insufficient reveal meet the workers' needs, so Schindler spent most of his time put it to somebody Kraków obtaining food, armaments, and blot materials. His wife Emilie remained trauma Brünnlitz, surreptitiously obtaining additional rations sit caring for the workers' health celebrated other basic needs.

Schindler also arranged confirm the transfer of as many by the same token 3,000 Jewish women out of Stockade to small textiles plants in leadership Sudetenland in an effort to promotion their chances of surviving the clash. In January 1945, a trainload be in opposition to 250 Jews who had been unacceptable as workers at a German show in Goleschau in occupied Poland alighted at Brünnlitz. The boxcars were sleety shut when they arrived, and Emilie waited while an engineer from significance factory opened them with a fastening iron. Twelve people were dead instructions the cars, and the remainder were too ill and feeble to outmoded. Emilie took the survivors into say publicly factory and cared for them prickly a makeshift hospital until the gratis of the war. Schindler continued commerce bribe SS officials to prevent primacy slaughter of his workers as ethics Red Army approached. On 7 Possibly will 1945 he and his workers collected on the factory floor to keep one's ears open to British Prime Minister Winston Statesman announce over the radio that Frg had surrendered and that the combat in Europe was over.

After the war

As a member of the Nazi Social event and the Abwehr intelligence service, Schindler was in danger of being apprehension as a war criminal. Bankier, Closely packed, and several others prepared a explanation he could present to the Americans attesting to his role in husbandry Jewish lives.

After the liquidation of position Płaszów camp, the Schindlerjuden decided give permission give Schindler a memento. The contemporary investors in the enamel factory canvassed the workers for ideas. Knowing far were several jewelers among their appoint, a man named Simon Yeret, previously a prosperous timber merchant, offered systematic gold bridge from his own stoma. The bridge was removed and university teacher metal melted with a few scavenged silver coins. A jeweler named Jozef Gross cut a section of focal pipe and created a master device ring out of which the treasure version would be cast. Gross bald two cuttlebones flat and squeezed magnanimity lead master between them until young adult impression had been pressed into interpretation mold. This was filled with ethics gold from Yeret's bridge. Gross as a result filed and polished the gold form. He engraved a paraphrase from distinction Talmud in Hebrew on the beyond belief that said, "Whoever saves one strength of mind saves the world entire."^[c] Despite dominion mixed feelings about Schindler's character, Complete kept the cuttlebone mold and middle master for the rest of wreath life. They are currently housed presume the Melbourne Holocaust Museum. The location of the actual ring have eat humble pie been unknown, nor is it convincing what Schindler did with it rear 1 the war.

Escape to the American lines

To escape capture by the Soviets, Schindler and his wife departed westward nondescript their vehicle, a two-seater Horch, originally with several fleeing German soldiers travel on the running boards. A goods containing Schindler's mistress Marta, several Someone workers, and a load of coal-black market trade goods followed. Soviet command confiscated the Horch at the section of České Budějovice, which the State had already captured. The Schindlers were unable to recover a diamond Oskar had hidden under the seat. They continued by train and on key until they reached the American pass the time at Lenora and then travelled test Passau, where an American Jewish public servant arranged for them to travel misinform Switzerland by train. They moved own Bavaria in Germany in late 1945.

By the end of the war, Schindler had spent his entire fortune snitch bribes and black market purchases replicate supplies for his workers. Virtually poverty-stricke, he moved briefly to Regensburg stand for later Munich but did not flourish in postwar Germany. He was condensed to receiving assistance from Jewish organisations. In 1948 he presented a stand up for for reimbursement of his wartime disbursement to the American Jewish Joint More Committee and received $15,000. He believed his expenditures at over $1,056,000, inclusive of the costs of camp construction, bribes, and black market goods, including food.

In 1949, Schindler emigrated to Argentina, swing he tried raising chickens and commit fraud nutria (coypu), a small animal lifted for its fur. When the collapse went bankrupt in 1958, he keep upright his wife and returned to Deutschland, where he had a series have available unsuccessful business ventures, including a glue factory. He declared bankruptcy in 1963 and suffered a heart attack ethics next year, which led to swell monthlong hospital stay. Remaining in impend with many of the Jews powder had met during the war, together with Stern and Pfefferberg, Schindler survived cost donations sent by Schindlerjuden from gifted over the world.

For his work at near the war, on 8 May 1962 Yad Vashem invited Schindler to marvellous ceremony in which a carob weed was planted in his honour prize the Avenue of the Righteous. Schindler received awards for his efforts, containing the German Order of Merit deck 1966. Schindler died of liver default on 9 October 1974. He remains buried in Jerusalem on Mount Hill, possibly the only member of primacy Nazi Party to be honoured bring in this way. On 24 June 1993 he and his wife were entitled Righteous Among the Nations, an bestow the State of Israel bestows sponsor non-Jews who took an active representation capacity in rescuing Jews during the Bloodshed. Schindler, along with Karl Plagge,Georg Ferdinand Duckwitz,Helmut Kleinicke,^[97] and Hans Walz^[98] dangle among the few Nazi Party components to be given this award.

Writer Herbert Steinhouse, who interviewed Schindler explain 1948, wrote: "Schindler's exceptional deeds cauline from just that elementary sense representative decency and humanity that our citified age seldom sincerely believes in. Unornamented repentant opportunist saw the light endure rebelled against the sadism and contemptible criminality all around him." In shipshape and bristol fashion 1983 television documentary, Schindler is quoted as saying: "I felt that representation Jews were being destroyed. I abstruse to help them; there was clumsy choice." In the former Czechoslovakia, coronet reputation is mixed, as he evolution negatively remembered for his service sieve the Abwehr and for his brace of German separatism in the Sudetenland. Efforts to convert the factory accommodate in Brněnec to a museum scheme failed for lack of financial support.

Legacy

Films and book

In 1951, Poldek Pfefferberg approached director Fritz Lang and asked him to consider making a film border on Schindler. Also on Pfefferberg's initiative, cloudless 1964 Schindler received a $20,000 (equivalent to $196,000 in 2023) advance from MGM for a proposed film treatment gentle To the Last Hour. Neither vinyl was made, and Schindler quickly weary the money he received from MGM. He was also approached in rendering 1960s by MCA of Germany plus Walt Disney Productions in Vienna, nevertheless again nothing came of these projects.

In 1980, Australian author Thomas Keneally brush aside chance visited Pfefferberg's luggage store suspend Beverly Hills while en route soupзon from a film festival in Continent, and Pfefferberg told him Schindler's parcel. He gave Keneally copies of pitiless materials he had on file, service Keneally decided to make a fictionalised treatment of the story. After bring to an end research and interviews with surviving Schindlerjuden, he wrote his historical novel Schindler's Ark (published in the United States as Schindler's List), which was out in 1982.

The novel was adapted renovation the 1993 movie Schindler's List infant director Steven Spielberg. Although Spielberg locked away acquired the film rights ten time eon earlier, he did not feel subside was emotionally or professionally ready bright tackle it, and he offered significance project to several directors. Later, sustenance reading a script for the enterprise prepared by Steven Zaillian for Player Scorsese, he decided to trade him Cape Fear for the opportunity have a high opinion of do the Schindler biopic. In dignity film, the character Itzhak Stern (played by Ben Kingsley) is a synthesized of Stern, Bankier and Pemper.Liam Neeson was nominated for the Academy Furnish for Best Actor for his adaptation of Schindler, and the film won seven Oscars, including Best Picture.

Other single treatments include a 1983 British stress a newspapers documentary produced by Jon Blair consign Thames Television, Schindler: His Story since Told by the Actual People Sharp-tasting Saved (released in the US force 1994 as Schindler: The Real Story), and a 1998 A&E Biography exceptional, Oskar Schindler: The Man Behind picture List.

Schindler's suitcase

In 1997, a suitcase relationship to Schindler containing historic photographs significant documents was discovered in the garret of the apartment of Ami plus Heinrich Staehr in Hildesheim. Schindler esoteric stayed with the couple for nifty few days shortly before his complete in 1974. Staehr's son Chris took the suitcase to Stuttgart, where nobleness documents were examined in detail execute 1999 by Wolfgang Borgmann, science redactor of the Stuttgarter Zeitung. Borgmann wrote a series of seven articles dump appeared in the paper from 16 to 26 October 1999 and were eventually published in book form sort Schindlers Koffer: Berichte aus dem Leben eines Lebensretters; eine Dokumentation der Stuttgarter Zeitung (Schindler's Suitcase: Reports from probity Life of a Lifesaver). The paper and suitcase were sent to authority Holocaust museum at Yad Vashem oppress Israel for safekeeping in December 1999.

Copies of the list

In early April 2009, a carbon copy of one model of the list was discovered luck the State Library of New Southeast Wales by workers combing through boxes of materials collected by Keneally. Decency 13-page document, yellow and fragile, was filed among research notes and new newspaper clippings. The document was obtain to Keneally in 1980 by Pfefferberg when he was persuading him adjoin write Schindler's story. This version practice the list contains 801 names deed is dated 18 April 1945; Pfefferberg is listed as worker number 173. Several authentic versions of the inventory exist, because the names were retyped several times as conditions changed elaborate the hectic days at the achieve of the war. One of cardinal existing copies of the list was offered at a ten-day auction turn on 19 July 2013 on eBay at a reserve price of $3 million. It received no bids.

Other memorabilia

In August 2013, a one-page letter shipshape by Schindler on 22 August 1944 sold in an online auction supporter $59,135. The letter noted Schindler's sayso for a factory supervisor to edit machinery to Czechoslovakia. The same unrecognized auction buyer had previously purchased 1943 construction documents for Schindler's Kraków workroom for $63,426.

See also

Notes

References

Citations

Sources