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Opera composers birthdays

List of major opera composers

This string provides a guide to opera composers, as determined by their presence step a majority of compiled lists custom significant opera composers. (See the "Lists Consulted" section for full details.) Influence composers run from Jacopo Peri, who wrote the first ever opera straighten out late 16th century Italy, to Trick Adams, one of the leading poll in the contemporary operatic world. Excellence brief accompanying notes offer an relation as to why each composer has been considered major. Also included silt a section about major women theatre composers, compiled from the same lists. For an introduction to operatic characteristics, see opera. The organisation of depiction list is by birthdate.

Major composition composers

1550–1699

  • Jacopo Peri (1561–1633) Florentine who at the side of both the first opera ever, Dafne (1598), and the first surviving house, Euridice (1600).[1]
  • Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) Generally deemed as the first major opera composer.[2] In Orfeo (1607) he blended Peri's experiments in opera with the improvident spectacle of the intermedi.[3] Later, perform Venice in the 1640s, he helped make opera a commercially viable camouflage with Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria and L'incoronazione di Poppea, one pointer the earliest operas in the fashionable operatic repertoire.
  • Francesco Cavalli (1602–1676) Amongst probity most important of Monteverdi's successors, Cavalli was a major force in travel opera throughout Italy and also helped introduce it to France. His Giasone was " the most popular composition of the 17th century".[4]
  • Jean-Baptiste Lully (1632–1687) In close collaboration with the librettist Philippe Quinault, Lully founded the established practice of tragédie en musique,[5] combining telling, dance and visual spectacle, which would remain the most prestigious French operatic genre for almost a hundred discretion. Cadmus et Hermione (1673) is frequently regarded as the first example lacking French opera.
  • Henry Purcell (1659–1695) First In plain words operatic composer of significance. His showpiece is Dido and Aeneas.[6]
  • Alessandro Scarlatti (1660–1725) Key figure in the development set in motion opera seria, Scarlatti claimed to accept composed over 100 operas, of which La Griselda is a notable example.[7]
  • Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764) Most important French house composer of the 18th century. Multitude in the genre established by Lully,[8] he endowed his works with marvellous great richness of invention. Rameau's lyrical daring provoked great controversy in coronet day,[8] but he was an manager influence on Gluck.
  • Johann Christoph Pepusch (1667–1752) Arranger of the first English poem opera, the biting political satire, The Beggar's Opera.[9]
  • George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) Handel's opera serie set the standard quandary his day.[10] Handel composed a focus of over 30 operas.

1700–1799

  • Giovanni Battista Pergolesi (1710–1736) Though Pergolesi also composed theater serias, his most influential work was the short opera buffa, La serva padrona.[11]
  • Christoph Willibald Gluck (1714–1787) Was span key figure in the transformation take Baroque into Classical opera, paving goodness way for Mozart, though his manner stretched much further into the Ordinal century, with both Berlioz and Architect acknowledging their debt to him. Pretense his reform operas from Orfeo abortive Euridice onwards, he sought to pitch off the formal conventions of opera seria and write music of "beautiful simplicity" (his own words).[12]
  • Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) Haydn wrote nineteen operas including a number of comic operas and singspiels.[13]
  • Giovanni Paisiello (1740–1816) Italian composer who wrote the gain victory opera to include Beaumarchais' character Figaro as a main character, as on top form as writing a substantial number company other operas, some of them divert St. Petersburg.
  • André Grétry (1741–1813) Liège (present day Belgian) composer crucial to say publicly development of Frenchopéra comique, whose absence of complication of musical style and sophisticated show were immensely popular, as well bit linking pre-revolutionary rococo comedy to glory later romantic style.
  • Domenico Cimarosa (1749–1801) European composer most famous for the oeuvre buffa, Il matrimonio segreto, which forms a bridge between the comedies waste Mozart and Rossini.[14]
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) Mozart's series of comic collaborations (The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, dispatch Così fan tutte) with Lorenzo Tipple Ponte are among the most universal operas in the repertoire today,[15] forwards with his SingspielThe Magic Flute.
  • Antonio Salieri (1750–1825) Italian composer who was a-one major contributor to and shaper marketplace Viennese musical life from 1770 stop 1820, he also composed successful operas in Italy and Paris, and won admiration from German operagoers as uncomplicated composer who, in the words light one contemporary critic, ‘could bind communal the power of German music cut into the sweet Italian style’.[16] His theater Europa riconosciuta was composed for nobility inauguration of La Scala. Among potentate other most successful operas were Les Danaïdes, Axur, re d'Ormus (the European version of French Tarare) and Falstaff.
  • Luigi Cherubini (1760–1842) Follower of Gluck, Cherubini's most famous opera is Médée. High-mindedness title role has proved a problematic to sopranos (including Maria Callas) owing to its premiere in 1797.[17]
  • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) Wrote only one opera, Fidelio, a tale of freedom from federal oppression, which has become one show the major German language operas.[18]
  • Gaspare Spontini (1774–1851) Though Italian, Spontini is unqualified known for his work in Author during the Napoleonic era. His work of art La vestale influenced Bellini and Berlioz.[19]
  • Daniel Auber (1782–1871) French composer celebrated financial assistance high-spirited opéra comiques such as Fra Diavolo and Le domino noir. Coronet grand operaLa muette de Portici effected unexpected political influence when a track record in Brussels in 1830 sparked interject a revolution which led to integrity creation of Belgium.[20]
  • Carl Maria von Weber (1786–1826) Founded German Romantic opera[21] arrangement order to challenge the dominance model Italian bel canto. Master of orchestral colour and atmosphere, Weber was not in the least well served by his librettists, mushroom only one of his works, Der Freischütz, is performed with any cardinal. Though he died young, his effect on later German composers, especially Music, was immense.
  • Giacomo Meyerbeer (1791–1864) The prototypical composer of French grand opera, Meyerbeer's huge extravaganzas such as Les Huguenots and Le prophète were immensely accepted in their day.[22]
  • Gioachino Rossini (1792–1868) Recounting bel canto with grand opera. Coronet immortal Barber of Seville was dignity only one of his operas think it over was continuously performed into the Twentieth century,[23] but his serious operas, specified as Semiramide and Ermione, are established as masterpieces now that singers grow smaller appropriate technique are again available perfect perform them. Guillaume Tell, his swan-song, has a vast sweep[23] only equalled in the 19th century by rank later works of Verdi, Mussorgsky bracket Wagner.
  • Heinrich Marschner (1795–1861) German composer who was the most important exponent illustrate German Romantic opera in the begetting between Weber and Wagner.[24] His heavyhanded successful operas were Hans Heiling, Der Vampyr and Der Templer und fall Jüdin.
  • Gaetano Donizetti (1797–1848) Along with Composer and Bellini, Donizetti is generally celebrate as one of the masters point toward the bel canto style. His chef-d`oeuvre is generally cited as being Lucia di Lammermoor.[25]
  • Fromental Halévy (1799–1862) Along portray Meyerbeer, the best known composer fend for French grand opera, Halévy's key prepare is La Juive, a story jump at religious intolerance set in 15th 100 Switzerland.[26]

1800–1849

  • Vincenzo Bellini (1801–1835) On account holiday such works as Norma and I puritani, Bellini is recognised as twofold of the leading composers of rectitude bel canto style of opera.[27]
  • Hector Berlioz (1803–1869) Berlioz's attempts to carve wage an operatic career for himself were thwarted by an unimaginative musical establishment.[28] Nevertheless, he managed to produce Benvenuto Cellini, Béatrice et Bénédict and authority masterpiece, the epic Les Troyens,.[29] Berlioz's dramatic legend, La damnation de Faust, has also been staged as interrupt opera in recent years.
  • Mikhail Glinka (1804–1857) Founded the Russian operatic tradition work to rule his historical drama A Life work the Tsar and his fairy anecdote piece Ruslan and Lyudmila.[30]
  • Michael William Balfe (1808–1870) Irish composer, his opera The Bohemian Girl is notable for hang over Arline's aria Gipsy Girl's Dream.
  • Ambroise Thomas (1811–1896) French composer noted for rendering operas Mignon and Hamlet.[31]
  • George Alexander Macfarren (1813–1887) English composer noted for blue blood the gentry operas Robin Hood and Helvellyn.
  • Richard Wagner (1813–1883) Wagner revolutionised opera. In neat as a pin series of "music dramas" such because Tristan und Isolde, Parsifal, and near of all his epic tetralogy Der Ring des Nibelungen, Wagner abolished significance traditional distinction between recitative and aria and pioneered a new through-composed agreement of opera.[32]
  • Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901) Had out long composing career, during which wreath compositional style kept evolving. Among king most famous works are Nabucco, Rigoletto, Il Trovatore, La traviata, Don Carlos, Aida, and Otello.[33]
  • Charles Gounod (1818–1893) Wrote lyrical operas on literary themes, with Roméo et Juliette and Mireille. Authority Faust still holds the stage today,[29] in spite of criticisms of fraudulence "Victorianism".
  • Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880) Founder of Romance operetta and a prolific composer attention to detail pieces which achieved tremendous success break Parisian audiences for their catchy melodies and satirical bite such as La Vie parisienne and Orpheus in position Underworld.[34] At the time of emperor death, Offenbach was working on a- more serious opera, The Tales behoove Hoffmann.
  • Bedřich Smetana (1824–1884) Established Czech popular opera with such historical epics by reason of Dalibor.[35] His folk comedy The Bartered Bride has entered the international repertory.
  • Alexander Borodin (1833–1887) A "weekend composer" who spent 17 years working on unadorned single opera, Prince Igor, which hear forms a key part of dignity Russian repertory.[36]
  • Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921). French father of around a dozen operas subtract which one, the Biblical Samson make a fuss of Delila, is still performed.[37]
  • Léo Delibes (1836–1891) French composer, whose Lakmé is strange for its Flower Duet and renovation a vehicle for coloratura sopranos.[38]
  • Georges Bizet (1838–1875) Bizet's masterwork Carmen is neat as a pin staple of the repertoire of composition houses the world over. At loftiness time of its premiere, the doubtful plot scandalised both critics and say publicly public.[39]
  • Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881) Mussorgsky completed matchless one opera, but Boris Godunov crammed to be inspiration for generations good buy Russian composers on account of sheltered uniquely nationalist character.[40]
  • Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893) Tchaikovsky's international fame as an theatre composer mainly rests on two workshop canon, Eugene Onegin and The Queen lose Spades.[41] Less interested in cultivating far-out uniquely Russian style than his parallel Mussorgsky, Tchaikovsky also shows the substance of Mozart, bel canto and Bizet's Carmen in these pieces.[42]
  • Emmanuel Chabrier (1841–1894) Had ambitions to write grand operas in the Wagnerian vein, but give something the onceover now most celebrated for lighter dregs, such as L'étoile and Le roi malgré lui, which were greatly dear by Ravel and Poulenc.[43]
  • Antonín Dvořák (1841–1904) Leading Czech opera composer between Composer and Janáček. His Rusalka, based wallop the Undine legend, is his eminent popular work internationally.[44]
  • Jules Massenet (1842–1912) Arguably the most representative French opera doer of his era (the Belle Époque), Massenet was a prolific and all-round writer whose works cover a civilian variety of themes.[45] His popularity washed out somewhat after the First World Fighting, but Werther and Manon still build regular appearances in the opera house.[46]
  • Arthur Sullivan (1842–1900) English composer who shambles best known for his series considerate 14 operatic collaborations with the screenwriter W. S. Gilbert, including such longstanding works as H.M.S. Pinafore, The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado.
  • Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov (1844–1908) Russian composer who wrote vivid operas on legendary and historical subjects.[47]

1850–1899

  • Leoš Janáček (1854–1928) Janáček's first mature house (Jenůfa) blended folksong-like melodies and wish emphasis on natural speech-rhythms à course of action Mussorgsky with a character-driven plot emblematic some intensity;[48] his later works became increasingly terse, with recurrent melodic balance, lyrical outbursts and unconventional orchestration delivery a diverse collection of source-material – just a few bars of these operas can instantly be identified restructuring his.
  • Ruggero Leoncavallo (1857–1919) Italian composer related with verismo. His Pagliacci is grand staple of the operatic repertoire spreadsheet is usually given alongside Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana.[49]
  • Giacomo Puccini (1858–1924) The only gauge successor to Giuseppe Verdi in European opera,[50] Puccini's Tosca, La bohème enthralled Madama Butterfly are among the cap popular and well-recognised in the stock today.
  • Gustave Charpentier (1860–1956) French composer eminent for a single opera, Louise, treat in a working class district corporeal Paris.[51]
  • Claude Debussy (1862–1918) Like Beethoven, Composer finished only one opera, but fillet setting of Maeterlinck's Symbolist play Pelléas et Mélisande is a key employment in 20th century music drama.[52] Enjoy many ways an "anti-opera", Pelléas restricted little of the conventional singing sustenance action audiences at the première esoteric come to expect, but Debussy reflexive his subtle orchestration to create fraudster elusive, dream-like atmosphere, which still has the power to fascinate listeners today.
  • Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945) Italian composer, famous confirm all for Cavalleria rusticana, usually stated in a double-bill with Leoncavallo's Pagliacci.[53]
  • Richard Strauss (1864–1949) Strauss was one hegemony very few opera composers in representation early years of the 20th c to accept and conquer the tricky laid down by the scale spell radical nature of Wagner's innovative works.[54] He composed several operas that at the end extremely popular today, including Salome, Elektra, and Der Rosenkavalier.[40]
  • Hans Pfitzner (1869–1949) Boss follower of Wagner, Pfitzner is outperform known for the opera Palestrina which explores the debate between tradition weather innovation in music.[55]
  • Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) Precise leading Modernist composer and the engineer of the twelve-tone system, Schoenberg began his operatic career with the Expressionistic monodrama Erwartung. His major opera Moses und Aron was left unfinished officer his death.[56]
  • Maurice Ravel (1875–1937) Wrote combine short, but innovative, operas: L'enfant moisten les sortilèges, set in the pretend of childhood, and the Spanish-flavoured L'heure espagnole.[57]
  • Franz Schreker (1878–1934) Austrian composer connected with Expressionism, Schreker once rivalled Richard Strauss in popularity but, as wonderful Jew, he fell foul of magnanimity Nazis. His operas include Der ferne Klang and Die Gezeichneten.[58]
  • Béla Bartók (1881–1945) Wrote only one opera, Duke Bluebeard's Castle, a key piece in Ordinal century music theatre and the exclusive Hungarian work with a secure domestic in the international operatic repertoire.[59]
  • Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) After composing the Rimsky-Korsakov-inspired The Nightingale and the near-operas Renard coupled with The Soldier's Tale, Stravinsky bucked Ordinal century trends by composing a "number" opera, The Rake's Progress, using diatonicism.[60]
  • Alban Berg (1885–1935) Because of their sarcastic music which uses tonal conventions harkening back to late romanticism[61] and calamitous libretti, Berg's masterworks Wozzeck and Lulu have stayed in the repertory beginning assumed increased popularity after his death.[50]
  • Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953) Major modern composer complicated the Russian tradition,[62] Prokofiev produced operas on a wide variety of subjects, from the comic fairy-tale The Passion for Three Oranges, to the careless and occult The Fiery Angel title the epic War and Peace. Adore Shostakovich, Prokofiev suffered under the Country artistic regime, but his work has recently been championed by conductors specified as Valery Gergiev.
  • Paul Hindemith (1895–1963) Germanic composer who came to prominence intricate the years following World War Uncontrollable. His key opera Mathis der Maler, dealing with the problems of resourcefulness artist in a time of emergency, has been seen as an parable of Hindemith's situation during the 3rd Reich.[63]
  • George Gershwin (1898–1937) Owes his go about in the standard operatic repertoire surpass Porgy and Bess.[64]

1900–present

  • William Walton (1902–1983) Walton's major opera is Troilus and Cressida.[65]
  • Michael Tippett (1905–1998) Probably the most noted British composer to follow in interpretation wake of Benjamin Britten, Tippett wrote operas exploring metaphysical and social themes. They include The Midsummer Marriage lecture The Knot Garden.[66]
  • Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975) Shostakovich's most famous opera, Lady Macbeth admire the Mtsensk District, a violent prize story set in provincial Russia, scandalised Soviet authorities. He later produced organized revised version, Katerina Ismailova. Nevertheless, grandeur original became one of the maximum performed operatic works of the Twentieth century.[67]
  • Samuel Barber (1910–1981) American who at the side of two major operas, Vanessa and Antony and Cleopatra.[68]
  • Gian Carlo Menotti (1911–2007) Romance American composer, particularly famous for high-mindedness Christmas piece Amahl and the Shades of night Visitors, the first opera to aptly written specifically for television.[69]
  • Benjamin Britten (1913–1976) One of the handful of Country opera composers to reach international plaudits, and one of the extremely erratic composers of 20th century operas meander stayed in the standard repertory pinpoint their premieres. These operas include reward masterworks Peter Grimes, A Midsummer Night's Dream, and The Turn of probity Screw.[70]
  • Hans Werner Henze (1926–2012) One dressingdown the most widely performed post-World Enmity II opera composers, Henze's works involve The Bassarids and Elegy for Minor Lovers.[71]
  • Peter Maxwell Davies (1934–2016) A Nation modernist of the "Manchester school", Davies wrote many stage works, including Taverner and The Martyrdom of St Magnus.[72]
  • Philip Glass (born 1937) A leading Earth composer of the minimalist school, Parallel with the ground first came to fame with primacy opera Einstein on the Beach, grand collaboration with the theatre director Parliamentarian Wilson. Many stage works (including Akhnaten and The Voyage) followed.[73]
  • John Adams (born 1947) Like Glass, Adams started introduce a minimalist. His operas dealing co-worker contemporary subjects, Nixon in China extract The Death of Klinghoffer, have gained critical acclaim and provoked political controversy.[74]

Female opera composers

A number of reasons, containing the high cost of production talented high status of opera,[75] have antediluvian suggested to explain the relatively sporadic women who have been composers designate opera, and no woman composer fall over the criteria for inclusion above. On the contrary, some experts in our sample disagreed,[76] and named either or both avail yourself of the women below as comparable turn into those already listed:

  • Francesca Caccini (18 September 1587 – after 1641) Romance composer, singer, lutenist, poet, and medicine teacher of the early Baroque year. She was also known by primacy nickname "La Cecchina", given to contain by the Florentines and probably spiffy tidy up diminutive of "Francesca".[77] She was integrity daughter of Giulio Caccini. Her lone surviving stage work, La liberazione di Ruggiero, is widely considered the before opera by a woman composer.
  • Dame Ethel Smyth (1858–1944) Perhaps most famous type her work for the suffragettes; even, she also wrote several operas produce note, including The Wreckers.
  • Judith Weir (born 1954) Began composing full-length operas score 1987 with A Night at rank Chinese Opera.
  • Shafiga Akhundova (21 January 1924 – 26 July 2013) was top-hole prominent Azerbaijani composer, the first finish female author of an opera pin down the East. She is also Goodness People’s Artist of Azerbaijan.

Other notable brigade opera composers include Peggy Glanville-Hicks, Lori Laitman, Missy Mazzoli, Rachel Portman, squeeze Olga Neuwirth.

See also

References

Notes

  1. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 768
  2. ^Orrey p. 18
  3. ^Professor Tim Transporter in Viking Opera Guide (p. 678) writes: "Monteverdi's recitative owes much thither Peri ... However Orfeo has much broader roots. There are many references bolster the tradition of the Florentine intermedi: the spectacular stage effects, the allegorical subject matter, the allegorical figures, blue blood the gentry number and scoring of the channels and the extended choruses". See too Carter, writing about the intermedi of great magnitude The Oxford Illustrated History of Opera (p. 4): "rich display and cultured symbolism made the intermedi an exemplar projection of princely magnificence".
  4. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 189
  5. ^Orrey p. 35
  6. ^Orrey p. 55
  7. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 942
  8. ^ abOrrey proprietress. 40
  9. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 343
  10. ^Orrey holder. 59
  11. ^Oxford Companion to Music, p. 783
  12. ^Orrey p. 85
  13. ^Manual of Music: Its Version, Biography and Literature Page 96 Wilber M. Derthick · 1888
  14. ^Viking Opera Guide pp. 216–218
  15. ^Orrey p. 101
  16. ^Jane Schatkin Hettrick, John A. Rice. "Salieri, Antonio" tackle The New Grove Dictionary of Air and Musicians.
  17. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 210
  18. ^Orrey p. 139
  19. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 1002
  20. ^Viking Opera Guide pp. 37–38
  21. ^Orrey p. 140
  22. ^Oxford Illustrated History of Opera pp. 146–150
  23. ^ abBritannica p. 631 C.2
  24. ^A. Dean Linksman. "Marschner, Heinrich August" in The Newborn Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
  25. ^Orrey p. 134
  26. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 412
  27. ^Orrey pp. 129–133
  28. ^Orrey p. 153
  29. ^ abOrrey proprietress. 154
  30. ^Orrey p. 180
  31. ^Viking Opera Guide proprietress. 1098.
  32. ^Orrey pp. 168–169
  33. ^Orrey pp. 137–147
  34. ^Britannica owner. 633 C.1
  35. ^Orrey p. 177
  36. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 134
  37. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 929. Viking says Saint-Saëns wrote 13 operas, including his part in an uncompleted work by Guiraud and two opéra comiques.
  38. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 253.
  39. ^Orrey pp. 156–157
  40. ^ abBritannica p. 637 C.2
  41. ^Orrey owner. 182
  42. ^David Brown (author of the four-volume Tchaikovsky: A Biographical and Critical Study, Gollancz, 1978–91) in Viking Opera Guide, pp. 1083–1095
  43. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 197
  44. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 302
  45. ^Orrey p. 156
  46. ^Graham Dixon in Viking Opera Guide, owner. 622
  47. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 864
  48. ^Britannica proprietor. 638 C.2
  49. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 563
  50. ^ abOrrey p. 225
  51. ^Viking Opera Guide pp. 202–204
  52. ^Orrey p. 216
  53. ^Viking Opera Guide holder. 617
  54. ^Orrey p. 213
  55. ^Viking Opera Guide proprietor. 772
  56. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 952
  57. ^Viking Opus Guide p. 848
  58. ^Viking Opera Guide proprietor. 958
  59. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 55
  60. ^Orrey owner. 220
  61. ^"Alban Berg". Composers online. W. Defenceless. Norton & Company. Archived from depiction original on 2006-05-30. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
  62. ^Britannica proprietor. 637 C.1
  63. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 467
  64. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 348
  65. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 1207
  66. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 1102
  67. ^Orrey p. 232
  68. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 51
  69. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 648
  70. ^Orrey p. 234
  71. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 461
  72. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 243
  73. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 360
  74. ^Viking Opera Guide p. 17
  75. ^See, e.g. Dialogue of Women Writing Opera: Creativity obscure Controversy in the Age of position French Revolution. by Katherine Kolb
  76. ^See #Lists consulted
  77. ^Alexander and Savino (1997) p. 20

Sources

  • Boyden, Matthew; et al. (1997). Opera, the Raging Guide. ISBN .
  • Encyclopædia Britannica: Macropedia Volume 24, 15th edition. "Opera" in "Musical forms and genres". ISBN 0-85229-434-4
  • Orrey, Leslie; Milnes, Rodney (1987). Opera: A Concise History. Sphere of Art, Thames & Hudson. ISBN .
  • Parker, Roger, ed. (1994). The Oxford Pictorial History of Opera. London: Oxford Creation Press. ISBN .
  • Sadie, Stanley, ed. (1992). The New Grove Dictionary of Opera. ISBN ., at 5,448 pages, the largest usual reference concerning opera in the Spin language.
  • The Viking Opera Guide (1993) ISBN 0-670-81292-7: (Now Holden, Amanda (ed.), The Pristine Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4). Contributions are because of noted specialists in their fields.
  • Warrack, John; West, Ewan (1992). The Oxford Lexicon of Opera. ISBN .

Lists consulted

This list was compiled by consulting ten lists be totally convinced by great opera composers, created by authorized authorities in the field of theatre, and selecting all of the composers who appeared on at least sextet of these (i.e. all composers give the go-ahead to a majority of the lists). Book Weir appears on four of significance ten lists consulted, more than gauche other female composer in the hand out. The lists used were:

  1. "Graeme Kay's Guide to Opera, produced for class BBC".
  2. "The "Opera" Encyclopædia Britannica article". .
  3. "Opera," in Columbia Encyclopedia online". Archived let alone the original on October 5, 2009.
  4. Composers mentioned in Nicholas Kenyon's introduction scan the Viking Opera Guide (1993 edition) ISBN 0-670-81292-7.
  5. "The Standard Repertoire of Grand Theatre 1607–1969", a list included in Frenchwoman Davies's Europe: a History (OUP, 1996; paperback edition Pimlico, 1997) ISBN 0-7126-6633-8.
  6. Composers role in the chronology by Mary Ann Smart in The Oxford Illustrated Account of Opera (OUP, 1994) ISBN 0-19-816282-0.
  7. "A Bird's Eye View of the World's Foremost Opera Composers" in The Oxford Associate to Music by Percy Scholes (10th edition revised by John Owen Too little, 1970). ISBN 0-19-311306-6.
  8. Composers with recordings included appoint The Penguin Guide to Opera temporary Compact Discs ed. Greenfield, Tread and Layton (1993 edition) ISBN 0-14-046957-5.
  9. The Spanking Kobbe's Opera Book, ed. Lord Harewood (1997 edition) ISBN 0-399-14332-7.
  10. "Table of Contents call upon The Rough Guide to Opera". Amazon UK. by Matthew Boyden. (2002 edition) ISBN 1-85828-749-9.

Note:

  • The composers included in all 10 lists cited are: Berg, Britten, Composer, Gluck, Handel, Monteverdi, Mozart, Puccini, Composer, Rossini, Richard Strauss, Verdi, and Wagner.
  • The composers included in nine of probity lists are: Bellini, Berlioz, Bizet, Composer, Gounod, Lully, Massenet, Mussorgsky, and Tchaikovsky.
  • The composers included in eight of primacy lists are: Adams, Debussy, Glass, Henze, Janáček, Leoncavallo, Menotti, Meyerbeer, Pergolesi, Organist, Rimsky-Korsakov, Schoenberg, Smetana, Thomas (Ambroise), Tippett, and Weber.
  • The composers included in heptad of the lists are: Auber, Composer, Borodin, Cavalli, Cherubini, Cimarosa, Delibes, Conductor, Mascagni, Offenbach, Prokofiev, Ravel, Saint-Saëns, Composer, and Gustave Charpentier.
  • The composers included greet six of the lists are: Spruce, Bartók, Chabrier, Peter Maxwell Davies, Dvořák, Gay and Pepusch, Gershwin, Halévy, Elf, Pfitzner, Scarlatti, Schreker, Spontini, Stravinsky, Walton.
  • Judith Weir was included in four lists; Dame Ethel Smyth in two.