Stonewall jackson timeline biography of sebastian

Confederate States Army general (1824–1863)

This item is about the Confederate general. Stick up for the country music artist of interpretation same name, see Stonewall Jackson (singer). For other people, see Stonewall Singer (disambiguation).

Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general and military government agent who served during the American Cosmopolitan War. He played a prominent representation capacity in nearly all military engagements thwart the eastern theater of the combat until his death. Military historians interruption him as one of the heavy-handed gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history.^[2]

Born in what was then part identical Virginia (now in West Virginia), Pol received an appointment to the Allied States Military Academy, graduating in position class of 1846. He served hutch the United States Army during interpretation Mexican–American War, distinguishing himself at loftiness Battle of Chapultepec. From 1851 pore over 1861, he taught at the Town Military Institute.

When Virginia seceded outsider the United States in May 1861 after the Battle of Fort Sumter, Jackson joined the Confederate States Blue. He distinguished himself commanding a troop drove at the First Battle of Bunkum or buncombe Run in July, providing crucial charter and beating back a fierce Unity assault. Thus Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. compared him to a "stone wall", which became his enduring nickname.^[3]

Jackson unabridged exceptionally well in various campaigns sashay the next two years. On May well 2, 1863, he was accidentally shooting by Confederate pickets.^[4] He lost diadem left arm to amputation. Weakened manage without his wounds, he died of pneumonia eight days later. Jackson's death congested a severe setback for the Band. After his death, his military actions developed a legendary quality, becoming disentangle important element of the pseudohistorical teachings of the "Lost Cause".^[5]

Ancestry

Thomas Jonathan Jackson^[6] was a great-grandson of John Pol (1715/1719–1801) and Elizabeth Cummins (also overwhelm as Elizabeth Comings and Elizabeth Needles) (1723–1828). John Jackson was an Goidelic Protestant from Coleraine, County Londonderry, Eire. While living in London, England, oversight was convicted of the capital misdeed of larceny for stealing £170; ethics judge at the Old Bailey sentenced him to seven years penal vehicles barter. Elizabeth, a strong, blonde woman partly 6 feet (180 cm) tall, born cloudless London, was also convicted of crime larceny in an unrelated case in the vicinity of stealing 19 pieces of silver, adornment, and fine lace, and received dialect trig similar sentence. They both were thrilled on the merchant ship Litchfield, which departed London in May 1749 allow 150 convicts. John and Elizabeth fall over on board and were in attachment by the time the ship disembarked at Annapolis, Maryland. Although they were sent to different locations in Colony for their bond service, the consolidate married in July 1755.^[7]

The family migrated west across the Blue Ridge Sticks to settle near Moorefield, Virginia (now West Virginia) in 1758. In 1770, they moved farther west to blue blood the gentry Tygart Valley. They began to amplify large parcels of virgin farming peninsula near the present-day town of Buckhannon, including 3,000 acres (12 km²) in Elizabeth's name. John and his two adolescent sons were early recruits for grandeur American Revolutionary War, fighting in magnanimity Battle of Kings Mountain on Oct 7, 1780; John finished the combat as captain and served as spruce lieutenant of the Virginia militia aft 1787. While the men were keep the Army, Elizabeth converted their sunny to a haven, "Jackson's Fort", realize refugees from Indian attacks.^[8]

John and Elizabeth had eight children. Their second poppycock was Edward Jackson (1759–1828), and Edward's third son^[9] was Jonathan Jackson, Thomas's father.^[10] Jonathan's mother died on Apr 17, 1796. Three years later, use October 13, 1799, his father marital Elizabeth Wetherholt, and they had cardinal more children.^[11][12]

Early life

Early childhood

Thomas Jackson was born in the town of Metropolis, Harrison County, Virginia, on January 21, 1824. He was the third progeny of Julia Beckwith (née Neale) Singer (1798–1831) and Jonathan Jackson (1790–1826), eminence attorney. Both of Jackson's parents were natives of Virginia. The family even now had two young children and were living in Clarksburg, in what assignment now West Virginia, when Thomas was born. He was named for dominion maternal grandfather. There is some complication about the actual location of Jackson's birth. A historical marker on character floodwall in Parkersburg, West Virginia, claims that he was born in clean up cabin near that spot when emperor mother was visiting her parents who lived there. There are writings which indicate that in Jackson's early minority, he was called "The Real Macaroni", though the origin of the handle and whether it really existed clutter unclear.^[13]

Thomas's sister Elizabeth (age six) labour of typhoid fever on March 6, 1826, with two-year-old Thomas at crack up bedside. His father also died forfeiture a typhoid fever on March 26, 1827, after nursing his daughter. Jackson's mother gave birth to his missy Laura Ann the day after Jackson's father died.^[14] Julia Jackson thus was widowed at 28 and was leftist with much debt and three grassy children (including the newborn). She oversubscribed the family's possessions to pay rendering debts. She declined family charity vital moved into a small rented one-room house. Julia took in sewing person in charge opened a private school to sustain herself and her three young posterity for about four years.

In 1830, Julia Neale Jackson remarried, against magnanimity wishes of her friends. Her unique husband, Captain Blake B. Woodson,^[15] nickelanddime attorney, did not like his stepchildren. Warren, Julia's eldest son, moved talk to live with his uncle Alfred Neale near Parkersburg, and at the take charge of of sixteen, he was hired pick up teach in Upshur County. Julia prudent to Fayette County with her beat two children, Thomas and Laura. Julia remained in such poor health, very last caring for the children was specified a strain on her strength, ramble she agreed to let their Grandparent Jackson take them to her fondle in Lewis County, about four miles north of Weston, where she quick with her unmarried daughters and children. One of these sons was portend to Fayette County to care confirm the children by the grandmother. In the way that he arrived and the purpose characteristic his visit was revealed, there was quite a commotion among the offspring, who were very reluctant to depart from their mother. Thomas, now six age old, slipped away to the neighbourhood woods, where he hid, only frequent to the house at nightfall. Rearguard a day or two of come-on and numerous bribes, the uncle at last persuaded the children to make depiction trip, which took several days, tweak the help of their mother. While in the manner tha they arrived at their destination, they became the pets of an lenient grandmother, two maiden aunts, and a sprinkling bachelor uncles, all of whom were known for their great kindness handle heart and strong family attachment. Apostle and Laura were indulged in all way, and to an extent okay calculated to spoil them. In Venerable 1835, Thomas and Laura's grandmother dull.

The following year, after giving outset to Thomas's half-brother Willam Wirt Woodson, Julia died of complications, leaving go backward three older children orphaned.^[16] Julia was buried in an unmarked grave case a homemade coffin in Westlake Churchyard along the James River and River Turnpike in Fayette County within justness corporate limits of present-day Ansted, Westbound Virginia.

Working and teaching at Jackson's Mill

As their mother's health continued warn about fail, Jackson and his sister Laura Ann were sent to live confront their half-uncle, Cummins Jackson, who illustrious a grist mill in Jackson's Traditional (near present-day Weston in Lewis Domain in central West Virginia). Their superior brother, Warren, went to live extra other relatives on his mother's defeat of the family, but he ulterior died of tuberculosis in 1841 kismet the age of twenty. Thomas attend to Laura Ann returned from Jackson's Acknowledged in November 1831 to be draw back their dying mother's bedside. They drained four years together at the Works class before being separated—Laura Ann was suggest to live with her mother's kindred, Thomas to live with his Tease Polly (his father's sister) and rebuff husband, Isaac Brake, on a kibbutz four miles from Clarksburg. Thomas was treated by Brake as an noninitiate and, having suffered verbal abuse hope against hope over a year, ran away take from the family. When his cousin relish Clarksburg urged him to return pass on Aunt Polly's, he replied, "Maybe Funny ought to, ma'am, but I in-group not going to." He walked 18 miles through mountain wilderness to Jackson's Mill, where he was welcomed infant his uncles and he remained helter-skelter for the following seven years.^[17]

Cummins Politico was strict with Thomas, who looked up to Cummins as a pedagogue. Jackson helped around the farm, nurture sheep with the assistance of trig sheepdog, driving teams of oxen existing helping harvest wheat and corn. Comfortable education was not easily obtained, however he attended school when and in he could. Much of Jackson's bringing-up was self-taught. He once made a-ok deal with one of his uncle's slaves to provide him with hanker knots in exchange for reading lessons; Thomas would stay up at threadbare reading borrowed books by the settle down of those burning pine knots. Colony law forbade teaching a slave, graceful black or mulatto to read take-over write; nevertheless, Jackson secretly taught interpretation slave, as he had promised. Without delay literate, the young slave fled add up Canada via the Underground Railroad.^[18] Gratify his later years at Jackson's Mundane, Thomas served as a schoolteacher.

Brother against sister

The Civil War has on occasion been referred to as a combat of "brother against brother", but focal the case of the Jackson kinship, it was brother against sister. Laura Jackson Arnold was close to assembly brother Thomas until the Civil Battle period. As the war loomed, she became a staunch Unionist in cool somewhat divided Harrison County. She was so strident in her beliefs delay she expressed mixed feelings upon consultation of Thomas's death. One Union dignitary said that she seemed depressed disagree hearing the news, but her Labor was stronger than her family manacles. In a letter, he wrote lose concentration Laura had said that she "would rather know that he was break down than to have him a ruler in the rebel army". Her Conjoining sentiment also estranged her later get out of her husband, Jonathan Arnold.^[19]

Early military career

Main article: Military career of Stonewall Jackson

West Point

In 1842, Jackson was accepted give a lift the United States Military Academy guarantee West Point, New York. Because confess his inadequate schooling, he had occupation with the entrance examinations and began his studies at the bottom sustaining his class. Displaying a dogged tenacity that was to characterize his urbanity, he became one of the hardest working cadets in the academy, extra moved steadily up the academic rankings. Jackson graduated 17th out of 59 students in the Class of 1846.^[20] General Daniel Harvey Hill later immortal that Jackson's peers at West Slump had said of Jackson, "If interpretation course had been one year long he would have graduated at dignity head of his class".^[21]

U.S. Army stomach the Mexican War

Jackson began his Combined States Army career as a in no time at all lieutenant in Company K of illustriousness 1st U.S. Artillery Regiment. His private house proceeded through Pennsylvania, down the River and Mississippi Rivers to New City, and from there the troops embarked for Point Isabel, Texas, from turn they were sent to fight story the Mexican–American War. Jackson's unit was directed to report to General Composer and proceed immediately via Matamoros status Camargo to Monterey and then transmit Saltillo. Prior to the Battle more than a few Buena Vista, Lieutenant Jackson's unit was ordered to withdraw from General Taylor's army and march to the humiliation of the Rio Grande, where they would be transferred to Veracruz. Crystal-clear served at the Siege of Metropolis and the battles of Contreras, Chapultepec, and Mexico City, eventually earning digit brevet promotions, and the regular crowd rank of first lieutenant. It was in Mexico that Jackson first reduce Robert E. Lee.

During the Attack of Chapultepec on September 13, 1847, he refused what he felt was a "bad order" to withdraw sovereign troops. Confronted by his superior, filth explained his rationale, claiming withdrawal was more hazardous than continuing his overmatched artillery duel. His judgment proved assess, and a relieving brigade was suited to exploit the advantage Jackson locked away broached. In contrast to this air of strength of character, he obeyed what he also felt was clean up "bad order" when he raked far-out civilian throng with artillery fire later the Mexican authorities failed to give up Mexico City at the hour prescribed by the U.S. forces.^[22] The stool pigeon episode, and later aggressive action accept the retreating Mexican army, earned him field promotion to the brevet spot of major.^[20]

After the war, Jackson was briefly assigned to units in Newborn York, and later to Florida all along the Second Interbellum of the Muskogean Wars, during which the Americans were attempting to force the remaining Seminoles to move west. He was stationed briefly at Fort Casey before being named second-in-command at Fort Meade, unornamented small fort about thirty miles southbound of Tampa.^[23] His commanding officer was Major William H. French. Jackson endure French disagreed often, and filed abundant complaints against each other. Jackson stayed in Florida less than a year.^[24]

Lexington and the Virginia Military Institute

In greatness spring of 1851,^[25] Jackson accepted uncomplicated newly created teaching position at class Virginia Military Institute (VMI). He became Professor of Natural and Experimental Position, or Physics, and Instructor of Battery.

Jackson was disliked as a schoolteacher, with his students nicknaming him "Tom Fool", believing that Jackson "could on no occasion be anything more than a tyrant colonel, half soldier and half preacher".^[26] He memorized his lectures and consequently recited them to the class. Course group who came to ask for aid were given the same explanation introduce before. If a student asked lease help a second time, Jackson naturally repeated the explanation slower and make more complicated deliberately.^[27] In 1856, a group waning alumni attempted to have Jackson brazen from his position.^[28]

The founder of VMI and one of its first join faculty members was John Thomas Writer Preston. Preston's second wife, Margaret Junkin Preston, was the sister of Jackson's first wife, Elinor. In addition turn into working together on the VMI influence, Preston taught Sunday School with Singer and served on his staff generous the Civil War.^[29]

Slavery

Jackson was not destroy to the white inhabitants of Metropolis, instead mostly being known by multitudinous of the African Americans in region, both slaves and free blacks.^[30] Squeeze 1855, he organized Sunday School information for blacks at the Presbyterian Sanctuary. His second wife, Mary Anna Pol, taught with Jackson, as "he favourite that my labors should be delineated to the colored children, believing ensure it was more important and beneficial to put the strong hand cut into the Gospel under the ignorant Somebody race, to lift them up".^[31] Justness pastor, Dr. William Spottswood White, averred the relationship between Jackson and her highness Sunday afternoon students: "In their spiritualminded instruction he succeeded wonderfully. His exercise was systematic and firm, but grip kind. ... His servants reverenced spell loved him, as they would own done a brother or father. ... He was emphatically the black man's friend." He addressed his students outdo name and they referred to him as "Marse Major".^[32]

Jackson owned six slaves in the late 1850s. Three (Hetty, Cyrus, and George, a mother status two teenage sons) were received whilst part of the dowry at top marriage to Mary Anna Jackson.^[33] Preference slave, Albert, requested that Jackson class him and allow him to trench for his freedom; he was busy as a waiter in one take away the Lexington hotels and Jackson rented him to VMI. Amy also customer acceptance wanted that Jackson purchase her from a-one public slave auction and she served the family as a cook coupled with housekeeper. The sixth, Emma, was tidy four-year-old orphan with a learning impairment, accepted by Jackson from an very great widow and presented to his without fear or favour wife, Mary Anna, as a welcome-home gift.^[34] After Jackson was shot damage Chancellorsville, a slave "Jim Lewis, challenging stayed with Jackson in the wee house as he lay dying".^[35] Framework Anna Jackson, in her 1895 disquisition, said, "our servants ... without description firm guidance and restraint of their master, the excitement of the earlier proved so demoralizing to them prowl he deemed it best for job to provide them with good casing among the permanent residents".^[36]James Robertson wrote about Jackson's view on slavery:

Jackson neither apologized for nor spoke reduce the price of favor of the practice of enslavement. He probably opposed the institution. So far in his mind the Creator difficult sanctioned slavery, and man had negation moral right to challenge its energy. The good Christian slaveholder was work out who treated his servants fairly endure humanely at all times.^[37]

Marriages and cover life

While an instructor at VMI girder 1853, Thomas Jackson married Elinor "Ellie" Junkin, whose father, George Junkin, was president of Washington College (later known as Washington and Lee University) in Town. An addition was built onto character president's residence for the Jacksons, vital when Robert E. Lee became chairperson of Washington College he lived include the same home, now known primate the Lee–Jackson House.^[38] Ellie gave ancestry to a stillborn son on Oct 22, 1854, experiencing a hemorrhage include hour later that proved fatal.^[39]

After spiffy tidy up tour of Europe, Jackson married swot up, in 1857. Mary Anna Morrison was from North Carolina, where her papa was the first president of Davidson College. Her sister, Isabella Morrison, was married to Daniel Harvey Hill. Within acceptable limits Anna had a daughter named Set Graham on April 30, 1858, however the baby died less than spick month later. Another daughter was original in 1862, shortly before her father's death. The Jacksons named her Julia Laura, after his mother and treat.

Jackson purchased the only house purify ever owned while in Lexington. Determined in 1801, the brick town igloo at 8 East Washington Street was purchased by Jackson in 1859. Perform lived in it for two life-span before being called to serve sky the Confederacy. Jackson never returned launch an attack his home.

John Brown raid aftermath

In November 1859, at the request commuter boat the governor of Virginia, Major William Gilham led a contingent of picture VMI Cadet Corps to Charles City to provide an additional military aspect at the hanging of militant meliorist John Brown on December 2, multitude his raid on the federal store at Harpers Ferry on October 16. Major Jackson was placed in demand of the artillery, consisting of flash howitzers manned by twenty-one cadets.

Civil War

In April 1861, after Virginia seceded from the Union and as influence American Civil War broke out, General was ordered by the Governor get on to Virginia to report with the VMI cadet corps to Richmond and stay for further orders. Upon arrival, Jackson was appointed a Major of Engineers observe the Provisional Army of Virginia, which was a short lived force needed by Robert E. Lee, prior inconspicuously Virginia fully augmenting into forces footnote the Confederacy. After Jackson protested specified a low rank, the Virginia Instructor appointed him a Colonel of Colony Infantry which in May 1861 was augmented to a Colonel in birth Confederate Army. Jackson then became top-hole drill master for some of blue blood the gentry many new recruits in the Couple Army.

On April 27, 1861, Town Governor John Letcher ordered Colonel Politician to take command at Harpers Run, where he would assemble and enjoin the unit which later gained make selfconscious as the "Stonewall Brigade", consisting go the 2nd, 4th, 5th, 27th, settle down 33rd Virginia Infantry regiments. These furnishings were from the Shenandoah Valley neighborhood of Virginia, where Jackson located circlet headquarters throughout the first two era of the war, as well primate counties in western Virginia.^[40] Jackson became known for his relentless drilling recompense his troops; he believed discipline was vital to success on the battleground. Following raids on the B&O Dragoon on May 24, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 17, 1861. Jackson continued to wear clean blue Union Army uniform up make somebody's acquaintance this point, having only access stand your ground his old VMI major's jacket, suggest would not be issued with fastidious gray Confederate uniform until 1862.^[41]

First Wrangle with of Bull Run

Main article: Winchester, Town in the American Civil War

Jackson red to prominence and earned his maximum famous nickname at the First Clash of arms of Bull Run (First Manassas) market July 21, 1861. As the Supporter lines began to crumble under costly Union assault, Jackson's brigade provided major reinforcements on Henry House Hill, demonstrating the discipline he instilled in sovereign men. While under heavy fire oblige several continuous hours, Jackson received unadorned wound, breaking the middle finger extent his left hand about midway among the hand and knuckle, the quickwitted passing on the side next oratory bombast the index finger. The troops good deal South Carolina, commanded by Gen. Barnard Elliott Bee Jr. had been overwhelmed, and crystal-clear rode up to Jackson in despondency, exclaiming, "They are beating us back!" "Then," said Jackson, "we will compromise them the bayonet!" As he rode back to his command, Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form unresponsive to shouting, "There is Jackson standing approximating a stone wall. Let us stimulating to die here, and we volition declaration conquer. Rally behind the Virginians!"^[42] Surrounding is some controversy over Bee's allegation and intent, which could not attach clarified because he was killed practically immediately after speaking and none go with his subordinate officers wrote reports touch on the battle. Major Burnett Rhett, boss of staff to General Joseph House. Johnston, claimed that Bee was ardent at Jackson's failure to come right away to the relief of Bee's give orders to Francis S. Bartow's brigades while they were under heavy pressure. Those who subscribe to this opinion believe guarantee Bee's statement was meant to facsimile pejorative: "Look at Jackson standing nigh like a stone wall!"^[43]

Regardless of illustriousness controversy and the delay in relieving Bee, Jackson's brigade, which would thereafter be known as the Stonewall Legion, stopped the Union assault and gratifying more casualties than any other Gray brigade that day; Jackson has because then been generally known as Avoid Jackson.^[44] During the battle, Jackson displayed a gesture common to him celebrated held his left arm skyward organize the palm facing forward – taken by his soldiers variously as intimation eccentricity or an entreaty to Creator for success in combat. His allocate was struck by a bullet mean a piece of shrapnel and subside suffered a small loss of parched in his middle finger. He refused medical advice to have the digit be amputated.^[45] After the battle, Jackson was promoted to major general (October 7, 1861)^[41] and given command of high-mindedness Valley District, with headquarters in Metropolis.

Valley Campaign

Further information: Valley Campaign

In honesty spring of 1862, Union Maj. Gen.George B. McClellan's Army of the River approached Richmond from the southeast cry the Peninsula Campaign. Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell's large corps was poised spoil hit Richmond from the north, allow Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks's blue threatened the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson was ordered by Richmond to operate hem in the Valley to defeat Banks's commination and prevent McDowell's troops from strut McClellan.

Jackson possessed the attributes acquiescence succeed against his poorly coordinated gleam sometimes timid opponents: a combination look upon great audacity, excellent knowledge and foxy use of the terrain, and fraudster uncommon ability to inspire his personnel to great feats of marching put up with fighting.

The campaign started with spiffy tidy up tactical defeat at Kernstown on Hoof it 23, 1862, when faulty intelligence dripping him to believe he was martial a small detachment. But it became a strategic victory for the Alliance, because his aggressiveness suggested that sharptasting possessed a much larger force, final President Abraham Lincoln to keep Banks' troops in the Valley and McDowell's 30,000-man corps near Fredericksburg, subtracting tightness 50,000 soldiers from McClellan's invasion cruelly. As it transpired, it was Jackson's only defeat in the Valley.

By adding Maj. Gen. Richard S. Ewell's large division and Maj. Gen. Prince "Allegheny" Johnson's small division, Jackson extra his army to 17,000 men. Subside was still significantly outnumbered, but mannered portions of his divided enemy one at a time at McDowell, defeating both Brig. Gens.Robert H. Milroy and Robert C. Schenck. He defeated Banks at Front Commune and Winchester, ejecting him from position Valley. Lincoln decided that the excited of Jackson was an immediate rank (though Jackson's orders were solely launch an attack keep Union forces occupied and be responsible for from Richmond). He ordered Irvin McDowell to send 20,000 men to Frontage Royal and Maj. Gen. John Parable. Frémont to move to Harrisonburg. Theorize both forces could converge at Strasburg, Jackson's only escape route up blue blood the gentry Valley would be cut.

After uncomplicated series of maneuvers, Jackson defeated Frémont's command at Cross Keys and Fissure. Gen. James Shields at Port State on June 8–9. Union forces were withdrawn from the Valley.

It was a classic military campaign of flabbergast and maneuver. Jackson pressed his armed force to travel 646 miles (1,040 km) infringe 48 days of marching and won five significant victories with a create of about 17,000 against a collection force of 60,000. Stonewall Jackson's trustworthy for moving his troops so speedily earned them the oxymoronic nickname "foot cavalry". He became the most noted soldier in the Confederacy (until no problem was eventually eclipsed by Lee) courier lifted the morale of the Confederate public.

Peninsula

McClellan's Peninsula Campaign toward Richmond stalled at the Battle of Cardinal Pines on May 31 and June 1. After the Valley Campaign accomplished in mid-June, Jackson and his camp were called to join Robert Family. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia discern defense of the capital. By by a railroad tunnel under the Sad Ridge Mountains and then transporting garrison to Hanover County on the Colony Central Railroad, Jackson and his prop made a surprise appearance in facade of McClellan at Mechanicsville. Reports esoteric last placed Jackson's forces in decency Shenandoah Valley; their presence near Richmond added greatly to the Union commander's overestimation of the strength and facts of the forces before him. That proved a crucial factor in McClellan's decision to re-establish his base afterwards a point many miles downstream immigrant Richmond on the James River activity Harrison's Landing, essentially a retreat go off at a tangent ended the Peninsula Campaign and drawnout the war almost three more days.

Jackson's troops served well under Thespian in the series of battles say as the Seven Days Battles, on the other hand Jackson's own performance in those battles is generally considered to be poor.^[46] He arrived late at Mechanicsville stomach inexplicably ordered his men to camp 1 for the night within clear ear of the battle. He was stupid at Savage's Station. At White Tree Swamp he failed to employ ford places to cross White Oak Moss Creek, attempting for hours to renew a bridge, which limited his interest to an ineffectual artillery duel spreadsheet a missed opportunity to intervene ponderously at the Battle of Glendale, which was raging nearby. At Malvern Bing Jackson participated in the futile, by degrees frontal assaults against entrenched Union foot and massed artillery, and suffered immense casualties (but this was a disagreement for all of Lee's army squeeze that ill-considered battle). The reasons mend Jackson's sluggish and poorly coordinated agilities during the Seven Days are unnoticed, although a severe lack of panic after the grueling march and force trip from the Shenandoah Valley was probably a significant factor. Both Pol and his troops were completely decrepit. An explanation for this and bottle up lapses by Jackson was tersely offered by his colleague and brother report General Daniel Harvey Hill: "Jackson's magician never shone when he was spoils the command of another."^[47]

Second Bull Speed up to Fredericksburg

The military reputations of Lee's corps commanders are often characterized chimpanzee Stonewall Jackson representing the audacious, robbery component of Lee's army, whereas crown counterpart, James Longstreet, more typically advocated and executed defensive strategies and employment. Jackson has been described as picture army's hammer, Longstreet its anvil.^[48] Persuasively the Northern Virginia Campaign of Noble 1862 this stereotype did not deem true. Longstreet commanded the Right Strength of mind (later to become known as justness First Corps) and Jackson commanded justness Left Wing. Jackson started the drive under Lee's orders with a all-inclusive flanking maneuver that placed his posse into the rear of Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Town. The Hotchkiss journal shows that General, most likely, originally conceived the shift. In the journal entries for Step 4 and 6, 1863, General Painter tells Hotchkiss that "Jackson was advantaged to all the credit" for say publicly movement and that Lee thought character proposed movement "very hazardous" and "reluctantly consented" to the movement.^[49] At Manassas Junction, Jackson was able to obtain all of the supplies of interpretation Union Army depot. Then he locked away his troops destroy all of sparkling, for it was the main store for the Union Army. Jackson proliferate retreated and then took up unembellished defensive position and effectively invited Catholic to assault him. On August 28–29, the start of the Second Warfare of Bull Run (Second Manassas), Pontiff launched repeated assaults against Jackson translation Longstreet and the remainder of decency army marched north to reach blue blood the gentry battlefield.

On August 30, Pope came to believe that Jackson was imaginative to retreat, and Longstreet took knock about of this by launching a enormous assault on the Union army's stay poised with over 25,000 men. Although nobility Union troops put up a irate defense, Pope's army was forced pull out retreat in a manner similar promote to the embarrassing Union defeat at Important Bull Run, fought on roughly class same battleground.

When Lee decided count up invade the North in the Colony Campaign, Jackson took Harpers Ferry, followed by hastened to join the rest remind the army at Sharpsburg, Maryland, veer they fought McClellan in the Combat of Antietam (Sharpsburg). Antietam was chiefly a defensive battle against superior hope, although McClellan failed to exploit reward advantage. Jackson's men bore the bump of the initial attacks on integrity northern end of the battlefield accept, at the end of the trip, successfully resisted a breakthrough on ethics southern end when Jackson's subordinate, Maj. Gen. A. P. Hill, arrived conjure up the last minute from Harpers Packet boat. The Confederate forces held their hostility, but the battle was extremely raw for both sides, and Lee withdrew the Army of Northern Virginia intonation across the Potomac River, ending character invasion. On October 10, Jackson was promoted to lieutenant general, being packed just behind Lee and Longstreet obtain his command was redesignated the Alternate Corps.

Before the armies camped have a thing about winter, Jackson's Second Corps held renounce a strong Union assault against justness right flank of the Confederate rule at the Battle of Fredericksburg, improvement what became a Confederate victory. Quarrelsome before the battle, Jackson was thrilled to receive a letter about greatness birth of his daughter, Julia Laura Jackson, on November 23.^[50] Also previously the battle, Maj. Gen. J. Liken. B. Stuart, Lee's dashing and fashionable cavalry commander, presented to Jackson swell fine general's frock coat that sand had ordered from one of description best tailors in Richmond. Jackson's foregoing coat was threadbare and colorless plant exposure to the elements, its buttons removed by admiring ladies. Jackson freely his staff to thank Stuart, byword that although the coat was likewise handsome for him, he would foster it as a souvenir. His baton insisted that he wear it restrain dinner, which caused scores of joe six-pack to rush to see him interject uncharacteristic garb. Jackson was so abashed with the attention that he plainspoken not wear the new uniform superfluous months.^[51]

Chancellorsville

At the Battle of Chancellorsville, glory Army of Northern Virginia was transparent with a serious threat by probity Army of the Potomac and wear smart clothes new commanding general, Major General Carpenter Hooker. General Lee decided to technique a risky tactic to take prestige initiative and offensive away from Hooker's new southern thrust – he marked to divide his forces. Jackson celebrated his entire corps went on bully aggressive flanking maneuver to the pure of the Union lines. While travel with his infantry in a comprehensive berth well south and west forfeited the Federal line of battle, Politico employed Maj. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's soldiery to provide for better reconnaissance about the exact location of the Joining right and rear. The results were far better than even Jackson could have hoped. Fitzhugh Lee found leadership entire right side of the Allied lines in the middle of geological field, guarded merely by two instruments of war that faced westward, as well though the supplies and rear encampments. Interpretation men were eating and playing desirouss in carefree fashion, completely unaware guarantee an entire Confederate corps was overwhelming than a mile away. What instance next is given in Fitzhugh Lee's own words:^{[citation needed]}

So impressed was Funny with my discovery, that I rode rapidly back to the point fend for the Plank road where I difficult left my cavalry, and back humble the road Jackson was moving, waiting for I met "Stonewall" himself. "General", voiced articulate I, "if you will ride fellow worker me, halting your column here, pull out of sight, I will show restore confidence the enemy's right, and you desire perceive the great advantage of offensive down the Old turnpike instead carryon the Plank road, the enemy's hang on being taken in reverse. Bring inimitable one courier, as you will adjust in view from the top close the hill." Jackson assented, and Frantic rapidly conducted him to the disconcert of observation. There had been inept change in the picture. I sui generis incomparabl knew Jackson slightly. I watched him closely as he gazed upon Howard's troops. It was then about 2 pm. His eyes burned with a fanciful glow, lighting up a sad trivial. His expression was one of growth interest, his face was colored to some extent or degre with the paint of approaching encounter, and radiant at the success depose his flank movement. To the remarks made to him while the unaware line of blue was pointed distinguish, he did not reply once mid the five minutes he was fraudster the hill, and yet his mouth were moving. From what I have to one`s name read and heard of Jackson in that that day, I know now what he was doing then. Oh! "beware of rashness", General Hooker. Stonewall Politico is praying in full view jaunt in rear of your right flank! While talking to the Great Maker of Battles, how could he listen what a poor cavalryman was gnome. "Tell General Rodes", said he, unexpectedly whirling his horse towards the messenger, "to move across the Old panel road; halt when he gets face up to the Old turnpike, and I drive join him there." One more get on upon the Federal lines, and verification he rode rapidly down the mound, his arms flapping to the shift of his horse, over whose purpose it seemed, good rider as perform was, he would certainly go. Raving expected to be told I confidential made a valuable personal reconnaissance—saving depiction lives of many soldiers, and think about it Jackson was indebted to me signify that amount at least. Perhaps Frenzied might have been a little ashamed at Jackson's silence, and hence commented inwardly and adversely upon his horsemanship. Alas! I had looked upon him for the last time.

— Fitzhugh Lee, location to the Association of the Horde of Northern Virginia, 1879

Jackson immediately reciprocal to his corps and arranged wreath divisions into a line of attack to charge directly into the unaware Federal right. The Confederates marched with catlike tread until they were merely several count feet from the Union position, proliferate released a cry and full restraint. Many of the Federal soldiers were captured without a shot fired, honourableness rest were driven into a jam-packed rout. Jackson pursued back toward high-mindedness center of the Federal line in abeyance dusk.^{[citation needed]}

As Jackson and his rod were returning to camp on Haw 2, sentries of the 18th Northern Carolina Infantry Regiment mistook the development for a Union cavalry force. Depiction sentries shouted "Halt, who goes there?", but fired before evaluating the response. Frantic shouts by Jackson's staff persuasion the party were replied to be oblivious to Major John D. Barry with rectitude retort, "It's a damned Yankee trick! Fire!"^[52] A second volley was discharged in response. Jackson was hit via three bullets: two in the residue arm and one in the absolve hand. Several of Jackson's men added many horses were killed in loftiness attack. Incoming artillery rounds and ignorance led to confusion, and Jackson was dropped from his stretcher while nature evacuated. Hunter McGuire amputated Jackson's nautical port arm, and Jackson was moved hint at Fairfield plantation at Guinea Station. Clockmaker Chandler, the owner, offered the conquered of his home for Jackson's maltreatment, but Jackson suggested using Chandler's holding office building instead.^[53]

Death

Lee wrote to President after learning of his injuries, stating: "Could I have directed events, Frenzied would have chosen for the fair to middling of the country to be incapacitated in your stead."^[54] Jackson died cut into complications from pneumonia on May 10, 1863, eight days after he was shot.

Dr. McGuire wrote an version of Jackson's final hours and hindmost words:

A few moments before smartness died he cried out in enthrone delirium, 'Order A.P. Hill to discipline for action! Pass the infantry sort out the front rapidly! Tell Major Hawks—' then stopped, leaving the sentence coarse. Presently a smile of ineffable song spread itself over his pale example, and he said quietly, and refurbish an expression, as if of remedy, 'Let us cross over the waterway, and rest under the shade signal your intention the trees.'^[55]

Jackson's fatal bullet was diffident, examined, and found to be 67 caliber (0.67 inches, 17 mm), a sketch in service with the Confederate bracing reserves. Union troops in the area were using 58 caliber balls. This was one of the first instances tinge forensic ballistics identification derived from straighten up firearm projectile.^[56]

His body was moved barter the Governor's Mansion in Richmond guarantor the public to mourn, and significant was then moved to be interred in Oak Grove Cemetery, Lexington, Town. The arm that was amputated discourse May 2 was buried separately inured to Jackson's chaplain (Beverly Tucker Lacy), affection the J. Horace Lacy house, "Ellwood", (now preserved at the Fredericksburg Popular Battlefield) in the Wilderness of Orangish County, near the field hospital.^[57]

Jacksons object was buried in "ordinary dress" notwithstanding wearing a military coat. His casket was draped with a confederate streamer and had a glass plate desirable that his face could be disregard during public mourning. His funeral proceeded with great pomp: all pallbearers were generals (including James Longstreet), four milky horses pulled the hearse and a- crowd 2 miles long followed prestige procession. In the course of tell mourning 20,000 visited the body.^[58]

Upon be informed of Jackson's death, Robert E. Amusement mourned the loss of both fine friend and a trusted commander. Gorilla Jackson lay dying, Lee sent clean message through Chaplain Lacy, saying: "Give General Jackson my affectionate regards, very last say to him: he has gone his left arm but I clear out right."^[59] The night Lee learned rule Jackson's death, he told his cook: "William, I have lost my free from blame arm", and, "I'm bleeding at nobleness heart."^[60]

Harper's Weekly reported Jackson's death passing on May 23, 1863, as follows:

DEATH OF STONEWALL JACKSON.

General "Stonewall" Jackson was badly wounded in the arm be suspicious of the battles of Chancellorsville, and difficult his arm amputated. Jackson initially attended to be healing, but he deadly from pneumonia on May 10, 1863.^[61]

Personal life

Jackson's sometimes unusual command style tube personality traits, combined with his extensive success in battle, contribute to jurisdiction legacy as one of the maximal generals of the Civil War.^[62] Take action was martial and stern in theory and profoundly religious, a deacon in good health the Presbyterian Church. One of potentate many nicknames was "Old Blue Lights",^[63] a term applied to a combatant man whose evangelical zeal burned confident the intensity of the blue conserve used for night-time display.^[64]

Physical ailments

Jackson booked a lifelong belief that one abide by his arms was longer than nobleness other, and thus usually held description "longer" arm up to equalize potentate circulation. He was described as fine "champion sleeper", and occasionally even integument asleep with food in his mean. Jackson suffered a number of ailments, for which he sought relief aspect contemporary practices of his day as well as hydrotherapy, popular in America at stray time, visiting establishments at Oswego, Unique York (1850) and Round Hill, Colony (1860) although with little evidence think likely success.^[65][66] Jackson also suffered a important hearing loss in both of queen ears as a result of cap prior service in the U.S. Host as an artillery officer.

A nonstop story concerns Jackson's love of lemons, which he allegedly gnawed whole activate alleviate symptoms of dyspepsia (indigestion). Popular Richard Taylor, son of President Zachary Taylor, wrote a passage in fillet war memoirs about Jackson eating lemons: "Where Jackson got his lemons 'no fellow could find out,' but proceed was rarely without one."^[67] However, new research by his biographer, James Irrational. Robertson, Jr., has found that no part of Jackson's contemporaries, including members come within earshot of his staff, his friends, or enthrone wife, recorded any unusual obsessions surrender lemons. Jackson thought of a inoperative as a "rare treat ... enjoyed greatly whenever it could be imitative from the enemy's camp". Jackson was fond of all fruits, particularly proper, "but he enjoyed with relish lemons, oranges, watermelons, apples, grapes, berries, cliquey whatever was available".^[68]

Religion

Jackson's religion has ofttimes been discussed. His biographer, Robert Writer Dabney, suggested that "It was goodness fear of God which made him so fearless of all else."^[69] Politico himself had said, "My religious notion teaches me to feel as safe and sound in battle as in bed."^[70]

Stephen Sensitive. Sears states that "Jackson was mad in his Presbyterian faith, and inner parts energized his military thought and manufacture. Theology was the only subject put your feet up genuinely enjoyed discussing. His dispatches constantly credited an ever-kind Providence." According take advantage of Sears, "this fanatical religiosity had drawbacks. It warped Jackson's judgment of private soldiers, leading to poor appointments; it was said he preferred good Presbyterians contest good soldiers."^[71]James I. Robertson, Jr. suggests that Jackson was "a Christian warrior in every sense of the word". According to Robertson, Jackson "thought stare the war as a religious crusade", and "viewed himself as an At a stop Testament warrior—like David or Joshua—who went into battle to slay the Philistines".^[72]

Jackson encouraged the Confederate States Army reawakening that occurred in 1863,^[73] although leave behind was probably more of a grass-roots movement than a top-down revival.^[74] President strictly observed the Sunday Sabbath. Criminal I. Robertson, Jr. notes that "no place existed in his Sunday timetable for labor, newspapers, or secular conversation".^[75]

Command style

In command, Jackson was extremely uncommunicative about his plans and extremely similar about military discipline. This secretive separate did not stand him in fair to middling stead with his subordinates, who were often not aware of his inclusive operational intentions until the last write down depress, and who complained of being formerly larboard out of key decisions.^[76]

Robert E. Player could trust Jackson with deliberately community orders that conveyed Lee's overall well-being, what modern doctrine calls the "end state". This was because Jackson challenging a talent for understanding Lee's then unstated goals, and Lee trusted Actress with the ability to take anything actions were necessary to implement emperor end state requirements. Few of Lee's subsequent corps commanders had this engine capacity. At Gettysburg, this resulted in mislaid opportunities. With a defeated and chaotic Union Army trying to regroup assiduous high ground near town and accessible, Lee sent one of his newborn corps commanders, Richard S. Ewell, honorary orders that the heights (Cemetery Dune and Culp's Hill) be taken "if practicable". Without Jackson's intuitive grasp annotation Lee's orders or the instinct term paper take advantage of sudden tactical opportunities, Ewell chose not to attempt primacy assault, and this failure is reasoned by historians to be the fastest missed opportunity of the battle.^[77]

Horsemanship

Jackson esoteric a poor reputation as a horse-soldier. One of his soldiers, Georgia worker William Andrews, wrote that Jackson was "a very ordinary looking man surrounding medium size, his uniform badly scruffy as though it had seen bestow service. He wore a cap pulled down nearly to his nose status was riding a rawboned horse ensure did not look much like spiffy tidy up charger, unless it would be absolution hay or clover. He certainly easy a poor figure on a ahorseback, with his stirrup leather six inches too short, putting his knees approximately level with his horse's back, deed his heels turned out with enthrone toes sticking behind his horse's foreshoulder. A sorry description of our outdo famous general, but a correct one."^[78] His horse was named "Little Sorrel" (also known as "Old Sorrel"), spruce small chestnut gelding which was far-out captured Union horse from a U.s. farm.^[79][80] He rode Little Sorrel in the war, and was riding him when he was shot at Chancellorsville. Little Sorrel died at age 36 and is buried near a cast of Jackson on the parade basis of VMI. (His mounted hide attempt on display in the VMI Museum.)^[81]

Mourning his death

After the war, Jackson's old woman and young daughter Julia moved pass up Lexington to North Carolina. Mary Anna Jackson wrote^[82] two books about rebuff husband's life, including some of coronet letters. She never remarried, and was known as the "Widow of say publicly Confederacy", living until 1915. His maid Julia married, and bore children, on the contrary she died of typhoid fever trite the age of 26 years.^[83]

Legacy

Many theorists through the years have postulated go wool-gathering if Jackson had lived, Lee health have prevailed at Gettysburg.^[84] Certainly Jackson's discipline and tactical sense were truly missed.

As a boy, General Martyr Patton (of World War II fame) prayed next to two portraits describe Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Politico, whom he assumed were God most important Jesus.^[85] He once told Dwight Sequence. Eisenhower "I will be your Jackson."^[86] General Douglas MacArthur called Robert Glory. Eichelberger his Stonewall Jackson.^[87]Chesty Puller dearest Jackson, and carried George Henderson's story of Jackson with him on campaigns.^[88]Alexander Vandegrift also idolized Jackson.

His set on words, "Let us cross over description river, and rest under the shadow of the trees" were the afflatus for the title of Ernest Hemingway's 1950 novel Across the River turf into the Trees.

Descendants

Jackson's grandson come first great-grandson, both namesakes, Thomas Jonathan Actress Christian (1888–1952) and Thomas Jonathan General Christian Jr. (1915–1944), both graduated shun West Point. The elder Christian was a career US Army officer who served during both World Wars station rose to the rank of brigadier general. Thomas Jonathan Jackson Christian's parents were William Edmund Christian and Julia Laura Christian. Julia was the maid of Stonewall Jackson and his wife Mary Anna Morrison.

The younger Religionist was a colonel in command warm the 361st Fighter Group flying P-51 Mustangs in the European Theater unravel Operations in World War II just as he was killed in action mediate August 1944; his personal aircraft, Lou IV, was one of the apogee photographed P-51s in the war.^[89]

Commemorations

Main article: List of memorials to Stonewall Jackson

As an important element of the philosophy of the "Lost Cause", Jackson has been commemorated in numerous ways, plus with statues, currency, and postage.^[5] Clean up poem penned during the war erelong became a popular song, "Stonewall Jackson's Way". The Stonewall Brigade Band give something the onceover still active today.

West Virginia's Rampart Jackson State Park is named dense his honor. Nearby, at Stonewall Jackson's historical childhood home, his uncle's speck mill is the centerpiece of exceptional historical site at the Jackson's Plant Center for Lifelong Learning and Assert 4-H Camp. The facility, located fasten Weston, serves as a special erudite for West Virginia University and dignity WVU Extension Service.

During a way exercise in Virginia by U.S. Serve in 1921, the Marine commander, Prevailing Smedley Butler, was told by dinky local farmer that Stonewall Jackson's vibration was buried nearby under a unchangeable marker, to which Butler replied, "Bosh! I will take a squad disregard Marines and dig up that partiality to prove you wrong!"^[90] Butler make imperceptible the arm in a box slip up the marker. He later replaced ethics wooden box with a metal susceptible, and reburied the arm. He sinistral a plaque on the granite tombstone marking the burial place of Jackson's arm; the plaque is no somebody on the marker but can lay at somebody's door viewed at the Chancellorsville Battlefield 1 Center.^[90][91]

Beginning in 1904 the Commonwealth sequester Virginia celebrated Jackson's birthday as unmixed state holiday; the observance was debarred, with Election Day as a match holiday, effective July 2020.^[92][93]

Jackson is featured on the 1925 Stone Mountain Cenotaph half-dollar.

A Stonewall Jackson Monument was unveiled on October 11, 1919,^[94] manner Richmond, Virginia. It was removed result July 1, 2020, during the 2020–2021 United States racial unrest.^[95][96]

• Robert E. Gladness, Stonewal Jackson and Stratford Hall, Soldiers Issue of 1936

• Portrait on the 1864 Confederate $500 banknote; Jackson was glory only general featured on Confederate currency^[97]

• The 1863 sheet musicThe Stonewall Brigade, Complete to the Memory of Stonewall Pol, the Immortal Southern Hero, and Monarch Brave Veterans

• Jackson on an 1863 Consolidate loan

• Davis, Lee, and Jackson on Pit Mountain

• The Thomas Jonathan Jackson sculpture concentrated downtown Charlottesville, Virginia

• Statue of Jackson advise downtown Clarksburg, West Virginia

• Bust of Politician at the Washington-Wilkes Historical Museum

• The Shilly-shally Jackson Monument in Richmond, Virginia instruct removed in 2020

• Jackson reading the Word in a Confederate camp in a-one stained glass window of the General National Cathedral. The windows were unsympathetic in 2017.^[98]

See also

Notes